Plant Cell Structure and Protoplasm
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of water in living organisms?

  • It provides a source of energy.
  • It functions solely as a waste product.
  • It serves as a storage medium for nutrients.
  • It is involved in metabolic reactions and plant growth. (correct)

    • What characterizes a suspension?

  • Particles are less than 1 nm in size.
  • Particles remain indefinitely dispersed without settling.
  • Particles settle down at the bottom of the container over time. (correct)
  • Particles are uniformly distributed.

    • How do colloidal solutions differ from suspensions?

  • Colloids contain particles larger than 100 nm.
  • Colloids are homogeneous mixtures.
  • Colloids can pass through semipermeable membranes.
  • Colloids are stable and do not settle out. (correct)

    • What is a typical example of a colloidal solution?

    <p>Starch in water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do colloidal particles carry electric charges?

    <p>Due to the adsorption of free ions in the dispersion medium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property allows colloidal particles to remain dispersed in a solution?

    <p>Like charges repel, reducing aggregation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a property of colloidal solutions?

    <p>They form a single phase system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples illustrates a suspension?

    <p>Powdered chalk in water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes lyophilic colloids?

    <p>They have a shell of electric charges and a water film around the particles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property differentiates hydrophobic colloids from hydrophilic colloids?

    <p>Hydrophobic colloids are less stable and can be easily precipitated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do colloid stabilizers do?

    <p>They form a protective layer around the particles to increase stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the stability of hydrophilic colloids?

    <p>They are stable and not easily precipitated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the surface tension of hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloids?

    <p>The surface tension of hydrophilic colloids is lower than that of the solvent, while hydrophobic colloids have similar values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is protoplasm primarily composed of?

    <p>Nucleus and cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solution is characterized by having particles less than 1 nm and does not settle down?

    <p>True solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a non-electrolyte?

    <p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of water in plant cells?

    <p>To serve as a major solvent in protoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about colloidal systems is true?

    <p>Protoplasm exhibits attributes of a colloidal system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a heterogeneous mixture from a homogeneous mixture?

    <p>Heterogeneous mixtures have varying concentrations in different parts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the components found in a true solution?

    <p>Ionic and non-ionic substances mixed evenly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is most of the protoplasm characterized?

    <p>It possesses colloidal properties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Protoplasm

    The living substance of a cell, encompassing both the nucleus and cytoplasm.

    Solution

    A mixture where components are evenly distributed and mixed throughout.

    Colloidal Solution

    A type of mixture where particles are larger than 1 nm but small enough to remain suspended.

    Electrolyte Solution

    A type of solution containing ions, capable of conducting electricity.

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    Non-Electrolyte Solution

    A type of solution not containing ions, unable to conduct electricity.

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    True Solution

    A homogeneous mixture where particles are smaller than 1 nm, evenly distributed, and stable.

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    Solute

    A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

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    Solvent

    The substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.

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    Lyophilic Colloids

    Colloids that have a strong attraction to the solvent, resulting in a stable dispersion. They are often characterized by a layer of water molecules surrounding the dispersed particles.

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    Lyophobic Colloids

    Colloids that have a weak attraction to the solvent, leading to less stable dispersions. They rely on a layer of electric charges surrounding the particles for stability.

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    Colloid Stabilizers

    Substances used to increase the stability of colloids, preventing them from precipitating out of solution. They form a protective layer around the particles, hindering their aggregation.

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    Water film in Lyophilic Colloids

    The layer of water molecules surrounding the dispersed particles in lyophilic colloids. This layer helps to stabilize the colloid by reducing the surface tension and promoting interaction with the solvent.

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    Electric Charge Shell in Colloids

    A shell of electric charges surrounding the dispersed particles in both types of colloids. This shell contributes to the overall stability of the colloid by repelling like charges and preventing aggregation.

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    What is a suspension?

    The particles are greater than 100 nm (1000 A) in size, forming a heterogeneous mixture. They don't break down into individual molecules but are aggregates of molecules visible to the naked eye. Suspensions are unstable and settle at the bottom of the container with time, leaving a clear liquid layer.

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    What is a colloid?

    The size of particles ranges from 1-100 nm (10-1000A) in diameter, making them a heterogeneous mixture. Colloidal particles are stable and remain dispersed, forming a two-phase system consisting of the liquid dispersion phase and the solid dispersed phase. Though visible under an electron microscope, colloidal particles are too small to be seen with the naked eye and can pass through filter paper but not semi-permeable membranes.

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    What is the dispersion medium in a colloid?

    The liquid portion of a colloid, in which the dispersed phase is suspended.

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    What is the dispersed phase in a colloid?

    The solid particles or molecules suspended in the dispersion medium of a colloid.

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    What are electrical properties of colloidal particles?

    Colloidal particles carry electric charges (either positive or negative) due to the preferential adsorption of free ions from the dispersion medium. These charges prevent aggregation and precipitation by repelling like charges.

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    What are the important roles of water in a cell?

    Water plays a crucial role as a solvent, transporting nutrients, serving as a medium for metabolic processes, and participating in growth and cell elongation. During photosynthesis, it provides hydrogen atoms essential for building organic matter, and in respiration, it is a metabolic end product.

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    What is turgidity in a cell?

    The pressure exerted by the water inside a cell against its cell wall, which helps maintain rigidity and support.

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    What is cell elongation?

    The process by which a cell increases in length, primarily driven by water uptake and the expansion of the cell wall.

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    Study Notes

    Plant Cell Structure

    • Plant cells are complex, containing various organelles
    • Key organelles include: cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, vacuole, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus, golgi vesicles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
    • The cell wall provides support and structure
    • The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell
    • Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
    • The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material
    • The nucleolus is involved in ribosome production
    • The vacuole maintains cell pressure
    • The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance filling the cell
    • The golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins
    • Golgi vesicles transport proteins
    • Mitochondria produce energy
    • Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis

    The Protoplasm

    • Protoplasm is the living substance of the cell (nucleus and cytoplasm)
    • It is a colorless, jelly-like substance
    • It contains food elements like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and water

    The Protoplasm (Colloidal System)

    • Protoplasm is a colloidal complex with properties of a colloidal system
    • Its colloidal properties are due to large, complex protein, carbohydrates, and fat molecules—which approach colloidal dimension
    • The colloidal system is an essential aspect of living matter

    Solutions

    • Solutions are homogenous mixtures of molecules evenly distributed
    • Everything in a solution is spread out and mixed evenly
    • Heterogeneous mixtures have varying concentrations in different parts

    Types of Solutions

    • True solutions have solute particles smaller than 1 nm, stable, and remain evenly dispersed
      • Examples include salt or sucrose in water
      • Solute particles are individual molecules or ions
    • Colloidal solutions have particles with sizes between 1 and 100 nm
      • They remain dispersed, forming a two-phase system (liquid dispersion phase and solid dispersed phase)
      • Colloidal particles are clumps or clusters of molecules
      • Examples include starch in water or egg albumin
      • Colloidal particles pass through filter paper but not semipermeable membranes
    • Suspensions have particles larger than 100 nm
      • Particle sizes are large enough to be seen with a naked eye
      • They're unstable; the particles settle out over time, separating from the liquid layer
      • Examples include chalk in water

    1- True Solutions

    • Consist of a homogenous mixture of at least two components (solute dissolved in a solvent)
    • Solute particles (size) are smaller than 1 nm
    • The solute remains evenly dispersed and stable (doesn't settle)
    • Example: sugar dissolved in water

    1- True Solutions (Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes)

    • Electrolytes: ionic substances that dissolve in water and conduct electricity (ex. salt)
    • Non-electrolytes: non-ionic substances (ex. sucrose)

    Water in Plant Cells

    • Water is the major solvent in plant cells
    • It's crucial for various cellular functions, including transporting nutrients, supporting metabolic reactions, contributing to cell turgidity, and aiding cell elongation

    2- Suspension

    • Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture where particles larger than 100 nm are dispersed in a liquid but not dissolved
    • The particles are not separated into molecules but rather form aggregates of molecules that can be seen with the naked eye
    • It's an unstable system; the particles gradually settle

    3- Colloidal Solutions

    • A heterogeneous mixture where particles (1–100 nm) remain dispersed throughout a medium in a stable manner
    • Colloidal particles are clusters of molecules and are in the form of clusters of molecules
    • Colloids easily pass through filter paper but not semipermeable membranes

    Colloidal Properties of Particles

    • Colloidal particles carry electric charges (positive or negative)
    • The charge is consistent for a given system
    • The charges are due to adsorption of free ions in the medium
    • The preferential adsorption of positive ions leads to a positive charge for the particle

    Types of Colloids

    • Lyophilic colloids (Hydrophilic colloids): liquid-loving
      • Formed from dispersed particles surrounded by a water shell and electric charge
      • They are stable and not readily precipitated, easily precipitated by dehydration and neutralization
    • Lyophobic colloids (Hydrophobic colloids): liquid-hating
      • Formed from dispersed particles surrounded only by an electric charge
      • They have similarly low surface tension and viscosity to the solvent
      • They are less stable and easily precipitated by neutral salts

    Colloid Stabilizers

    • Substances added to increase the stability of a colloid and prevent its precipitation
    • Examples include gums and proteins
    • Stabilizers form a protective layer around the colloidal particles

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    Plant Physiology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of plant cell structure and the role of protoplasm in cellular functions. This quiz covers essential organelles, their functions, and the composition of protoplasm. Test your knowledge of how these components work together to sustain plant life.

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