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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is shared by both plants and charophytes, suggesting a close evolutionary relationship?
Which characteristic is shared by both plants and charophytes, suggesting a close evolutionary relationship?
- Cell walls containing chitin
- Presence of vascular tissues
- Storage of excess food as starch (correct)
- Asexual reproduction via vegetative propagation
Non-vascular plants, such as mosses, rely on specialized xylem and phloem tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Non-vascular plants, such as mosses, rely on specialized xylem and phloem tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
False (B)
What is the primary function of Rhizomes in spore-making plants?
What is the primary function of Rhizomes in spore-making plants?
Anchoring plants and acting as a root
In alternation of generations, the ______ generation produces gametes.
In alternation of generations, the ______ generation produces gametes.
Match the following plant groups with their key characteristics:
Match the following plant groups with their key characteristics:
Which adaptation allows conifers to thrive in dry and cold environments?
Which adaptation allows conifers to thrive in dry and cold environments?
The evolution of vascular tissue in plants was a disadvantage when plants needed to adapt to diverse terrestrial environments.
The evolution of vascular tissue in plants was a disadvantage when plants needed to adapt to diverse terrestrial environments.
Which process is directly facilitated by plants and significantly contributes to the water cycle?
Which process is directly facilitated by plants and significantly contributes to the water cycle?
How are seeds considered an evolutionary advantage over spores for plant dispersal?
How are seeds considered an evolutionary advantage over spores for plant dispersal?
In photosynthesis, plants use chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) and ______.
In photosynthesis, plants use chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) and ______.
Flashcards
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Organelles containing chlorophyll that enable photosynthesis.
Charophytes
Charophytes
Plants evolved from this group of green algae.
Non-Vascular Plants
Non-Vascular Plants
Plants with no true roots or stems, often found in moist environments.
Vascular Plants
Vascular Plants
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Rhizome
Rhizome
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Alteration of Generations
Alteration of Generations
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Spores
Spores
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Seeds
Seeds
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Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
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Angiosperms
Angiosperms
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Study Notes
- Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis.
- In the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water convert into glucose and oxygen: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Evolution
- Plants evolved from charophytes, a type of green algae in the Kingdom Protista, approximately 425-490 million years ago.
- Evidence supporting the link between plants and charophytes includes the presence of chlorophylls a and b, cell plate formation during cytokinesis, cellulose in cell walls, and starch storage.
Non-Vascular Plants
- Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
- Lack true roots or stems.
- Typically short and small in size.
- Prefer moist environments.
- Capable of asexual reproduction through vegetative propagation.
- Reproduce sexually via spore-like cells.
- Directly absorb water and CO2.
Vascular Plants
- Possess specialized cells (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients.
- Can inhabit diverse environments and grow to larger sizes than non-vascular plants.
Spore Makers
- Examples include ferns, horsetails, and club mosses.
- Rhizomes: act as underground stems similar to roots.
- Spores are produced on the underside of leaves; after release, the spores develop into a gametophyte plant, distinct from the adult plant.
Alternation of Generations
- Life cycle includes both diploid and haploid stages.
- The diploid generation produces spores.
- The haploid generation produces gametes.
Ferns and Horsetails
- Among the most ancient plants.
- Exhibit a variety of forms, with some ferns growing up to 10 meters tall.
- Horsetails (Equisetum) are marsh plants.
- Ferns are distributed from arctic to tropical regions.
Spores
- Spores are haploid cells that develop into a gametophyte, which produces gametes.
- Dispersal of spores relies on simple mechanisms and water.
Seeds
- Seeds are complex structures consisting of a diploid plant embryo, a protective coat, and a food supply, all developed through sexual reproduction via pollination.
- Seeds use different dispersal methods where water is not needed.
Gymnosperms
- Gymnosperms are plants with "naked seeds" like cycads, ginkgos, and conifers.
- Gymnosperms offer minimal protection for the seed.
- Conifers are the dominant gymnosperms in Canada.
- Needles, common in conifers, are adapted to tolerate desiccation and cold, are mainly inedible, and can photosynthesize year-round.
Angiosperms
- Angiosperms, or flowering plants, produce fruit and seeds.
- Angiosperms rely on pollination.
Importance of Plants
- Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose.
- The world food supply is largely plant-based.
- Plants act as carbon sinks, helping to mitigate climate change.
- They play a role in the water cycle through transpiration, affecting groundwater levels and flood control.
- Plants have economic and medical importance.
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