15 Questions
What is the function of the capsule in liverworts?
To release spores
What is the main difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants?
The number of types of spores produced
What is unique about the sporophyte of hornworts?
It lacks a seta
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?
To transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
Why are Seedless Vascular plants able to grow taller than Bryophytes?
Because they have vascular tissue
What is the function of phloem in vascular plants?
To add sugar to water and transport it back to roots
Why are Whisk Ferns considered living fossils?
Because they have remained unchanged for millions of years
What is the primary function of sporopollenin in the evolution of land plants?
Provides protection from the elements
What is a characteristic that Charophytes share with plants?
Flagellated sperm
What is the advantage of being an embryophyte?
Developing embryos are contained, providing a source of food and protection
What is the role of Antheridia and Archegonia in plant life cycles?
They facilitate fertilization of the egg
What is the primary function of vascular tissue in plants?
Allows plants to grow tall and transport water and nutrients
What is the primary difference between Bryophyte and Angiosperm life cycles?
Bryophytes require water for fertilization, while Angiosperms do not
What is the role of water in plant reproduction?
It is required for sperm to swim and fertilize the egg
What is the primary characteristic of the sporophyte stage in Bryophytes?
It is diploid
Study Notes
Charophytes and Plants
- Charophytes are protists that share similar adaptations with land plants.
- They have in common with plants: sporopollenin, cellulose in the cell wall, flagellated sperm, and phragmoplast.
- Sporopollenin provides protection from the elements and is important for the evolution of land plants.
Embryophytes
- Developing embryos are contained, giving them a better source of food and protection until they can move outside.
Plant Life Cycles
- Antheridia and Archegonia play a role in plant life cycles, with sperm swimming from antheridia to archegonia to fertilize the egg.
- Seeds allow offspring to survive for long periods in harsh conditions prior to germination.
- Vascular tissue allows plants to grow tall and transport water and nutrients between distant roots and shoots.
Bryophytes
- Bryophytes include mosses (phylum bryophyta), liverworts (phylum hepatophyta), and hornworts (phylum anthocerotophyta).
- The life cycle of Bryophytes involves:
- Gametophyte stage: produce haploid gametes
- Sporophyte stage: produce haploid spores
- In mosses, the sporophyte has a seta and capsule, while in liverworts, the sporophyte lacks a seta.
- In hornworts, the sporophyte also lacks a seta.
Seedless Vascular Plants
- Seedless Vascular plants differ from Bryophytes in that they grow much taller due to vascular tissue, and are sporophyte-dominant.
- Vascular tissue is an important adaptation for transportation of water, minerals, and sugars.
- Xylem transports water up from roots to leaves, while phloem transports sugar back down to roots.
- Sporophylls are leaves with sporangia, differing from macrophylls or microphylls.
- Homosporous plants have one type of spore, while heterosporous plants have different types of spores in the sporophyte.
Vascular Seedless Plants
- Phylum lycopodia includes club mosses (homo), quillworts (hetero), and spike mosses (hetero).
- Phylum monilophyta includes horsetails (equisetum), fern, psilotum (homosporous), and whisk ferns (homosporous).
- Whisk ferns are considered living fossils because they have remained unchanged for a long time.
Comparison of Plant Groups
- Bryophyte life cycle differs from Seedless Vascular, Gymnosperm, and Angiosperm life cycles.
- Water is required for sperm to swim and fertilize the egg in plant life cycles.
Learn about the characteristics and adaptations of charophytes, embryophytes, and their role in plant evolution. Understand the similarities and differences between these plant-like protists and true plants.
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