Plant and Animal Kingdom Overview

A plant cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution

Yeast feeds on necrotic and decaying matter

Carl Linnaeus is the father of modern taxonomy, responsible for the term Homo sapiens

Biological taxonomy has an 8-level hierarchy

Kingdom Plantae includes Magnolidae

Saprophytes decompose substances into useful products

A grasshopper is a heterotroph

Walruses inhabit arctic environments

Predation is exemplified by a hunter eating a duck

Mango and sampaguita plants compete in a garden which exhibits competition

Fish tail is NOT a homologous organ

Leeches are used to facilitate anticoagulation

Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides are types of carbohydrates

Lipids are hydrophobic, while carbohydrates are hydrophilic

Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a waste product

Plants convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Plants produce carbon dioxide in the evening

Cytokinins and auxins regulate plant growth, promoting auxiliary bud growth and apical dominance

Ecological niche describes how a species copes with everyday life

Eutrophication depletes dissolved oxygen, diminishing sea harvests

Secondary ecological succession occurs after wildfires, with soil remaining viable

Fluorocarbons reduce ozone levels

Plants as energy source are the most disadvantageous due to the impact on food supplies

Grafting is a form of asexual reproduction

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction seen in corals

Antarctica is the world’s largest desert ecosystem

Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted on the plasma membrane against the cell wall

Cellular respiration transmits biochemical energy into ATP

Recessive genes require a homozygous genotype for phenotypic expression

Mutations result from damaged, unrepaired, and replicated DNA

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas

In vitro fertilization unites sperm and ovum in a test tube

Nasal cavities serve as resonators

Calcium’s symbol is Ca

Tooth loss after pregnancy is often due to iron and mineral deficiency

Pascal is one newton per square meter and is a measure of pressure

Perfumes contain esters

Milk is a colloid

Light travels fastest in air

A 1/8 sheet of pad paper has the smallest mass

Manganese (III) fluoride is the correct name for MnF3

Copper wires are more conductive than aluminum and cheaper than silver

Holding a free hand away from the body when carrying a heavy load adjusts the center of gravity

Work is done when blowing a balloon and force is exerted

Weight loss of immersed objects is due to buoyant force

Sublimation is when solid CO2 (dry ice) turns into gaseous CO2

Nucleic acids contain an organism’s genetic makeup

Cilia are sensory hair-like structures in eukaryotic cells

Microfilaments are essential for cytokinesis, amoeboid movement, and cell shape changes

Human arms, bat wings, and seal flippers are homologous organisms

Bifidobacterium is an example of a non-pathogenic probiotic

Yeast is a fungus

Microsporidia are classified under Kingdom Fungi

Fungi cell walls contain chitins and glucans

Bacteria can clean up oil spills by digesting hydrocarbons

Entamoeba histolytica is a protist that causes dysentery

Dengue is transmitted by arthropods

Microbial culture allows microorganism to multiply in a medium to determine if it is linked to an infectious disease

Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy

Desert plants have few or no leaves to decrease transpiration

Bats navigate using sound waves

Hypertrophication is when water from a river is mixed with the contents of a septic tank

Hibernation slows down a frog’s circulatory system

A frog's hind legs are a physiological adaptation for jumping away from predators

Food webs show feeding connections between life forms

Air pollution causes acid rain

The Kyoto Protocol aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Habitat destruction is a significant cost of dwindling biodiversity

Natural selection explains the evolution of life forms

Radiation exposure can lead to new genetic traits

Lungs are the main organ for respiration

Niacin is a vitamin

Plasma is the fourth state of matter

Organic compounds contain hydrocarbons

The general equation (AB + energy → A + B) represents endothermic decomposition

Tellurium’s symbol is Te

A p orbital can hold a maximum of 6 electrons

Surface tension allows a toothpick to sit on water

Nuclear fission involves splitting the nucleus of atoms

A textbook on a table has zero net force acting in it

The Earth's tilt causes seasons

Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals

Boron produces a bright green flame in a flame test

A metric carat, a unit of mass for gemstones, equals 200 mg

Midnight sun occurs when the North Pole tilts towards the sun, with constant sunlight

The scientific method: 1. Identify the problem; 2. Formulate the hypothesis; 3. Test the hypothesis, 4. Analyze/Verify the Results and 5. Formulate Conclusions and Recommendations

Motion = change in position = distance/time/speed

Embryological development: gametes → fertilization → zygote → cleavage → embryo

Earth’s eras: Precambrian → Paleozoic → Mesozoic → Cenozoic

The body’s primary energy source is glucose

Diffusion moves water molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis is the process where molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane

Catalysts or enzymes speed up or retard reactions

Atmospheric layers (closest to Earth): Troposphere → Stratosphere → Mesosphere → Ionosphere → Thermosphere → Exosphere

Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells do not

Law of Interaction explains that when walking you push against the ground; the ground pushes back to you

Cohesive forces hold together molecules of the same substance, adhesive forces hold together molecules of different substances.

Global warming is caused by a buildup of gases in the atmosphere

Mitosis stages: Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

Rickets results from Vitamin D deficiency

Chemical changes form new substances

Mass is the amount of matter in a body, weight is dependent on mass and gravity

Levels of organization (lowest to highest): Cells → Tissues → Organs → System

Boiling point changes a substance from liquid to gas, melting point changes from solid to liquid

A physical change alters size, shape, or state without changing chemical identity

Electrons are negative, surround the nucleus; protons are positive; neutrons are neutral

Atomic number = number of protons or electrons; atomic weight = number of protons + neutrons

Earthquakes are caused by rock masses deforming and breaking

The epicenter is directly above the focus and the focus is the origin of an earthquake.

Heat transfers from higher to lower temperature

Lenticels are breathing organs on plant stems and trunks

Ecological organization: Ecosystem → Population → Community → Biosphere

Regeneration occurs when a severed starfish portion grows into a full starfish

Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration and is the "powerhouse" of eukaryotic cells

Regurgitation is when a mother bird partially digests food for its young

Systemic circulation is the complete trip of blood from the heart, to the body, and back

Genetic drift allows traits not useful to remain in the population by chance

The average person has 5 liters of blood

Vestigial organs have lost their usefulness

Cell functions: protein synthesis, energy production, and reproduction

Ecosystems involve interaction of organisms with their environment and nutrient cycling and energy transfer

A food chain demonstrates hierarchical dependence for food and A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains gives rise to food webs.

Falling objects have constant acceleration of 9.8m/s2, regardless of weight

Mechanical energy is conserved in a swinging pendulum

Visible light falls between infrared and ultraviolet on the electromagnetic spectrum

Objects become positively charged by losing electrons

The capsid is a protein shell enclosing a virus's nucleic acid

Artificial insemination is used to restore endangered species populations

Salvaging is taking a life without due process

The Philippines lies in the Ring of Fire

The energy source the country is gas

Geographical isolation can lead to speciation

Typhoons are storms in the Pacific

Polysaccharides, triglycerides, polypeptides, and nucleic acids are macromolecules

Lignite (brown coal) is the lowest rank of coal

Iron is a ferromagnetic material

Silicon with a mass umber of 28 and an atomic number of 14 has 14 protons and electrons.

Element X with an electron configuration of 1S2 2S2 2p2 belongs to carbon family

Plant cells swell in hypotonic solutions and shrink in hypertonic

Penicillin’s discovery by Alexander Fleming was serendipitous

Technology is the application of science

Earthworms display irritability

Soil study is NOT directly involved in biology

Homeostasis maintains a constant internal environment

Shedding leaves is a behavioral adaptation

Plant cell walls are cellulose, fungi cell walls are chitin

Petroleum forms from decaying microorganisms under heat and pressure

Lack of collagen causes brittle bones

A 27-year-old has 206 bones

Villi line the small intestine

Chyme is partially digested food mixed with hydrochloric acid

The idea that humans can master other living organisms and the nonliving, on earth is rejected by most reproductive species

In biology taxonomy, if the domain is at the top, species is at the bottom.

Bacteria can clean up oil spills

Plasmodium causes malaria

Kingdom Monera includes true bacteria, bacteria-like organisms, and blue-green algae

The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth

Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals are eukaryotic organisms.

Under the Six-Kingdom system, multicellular forms with specialized eukaryotic cells are classified as plants

Photosynthesis occurs in plants and cyanobacteria

Sea stars can regenerate

The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes

Habitat is where an organism lives and thrives

Frogs do not need hard eggshells

Noble gases (neon, helium) are in group 8 of the periodic table

Mitosis is the process in human sexual repro that takes place for fetus growth and maturation

Fructose is an isomer of glucose

Hydroxyl groups differentiate chitin from cellulose

Global warming results from increased greenhouse gases

Polar bears are in the order Carnivora

In vitro fertilization (IVF) babies are "test-tube babies"

Hydrogen is the simplest atom

Calcium is abundant in the human body and aids in blood clotting

The water cycle includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and substance flow

Viruses are acellular infectious agents requiring living cells to replicate

Enzymes decrease the energy needed for reactions

Air pollution causes lung disease exacerbation

The monkey-eating eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) is endangered

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen are abundant in living matter

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) involves 3 copies of chromosome 21

Essential amino acids must be obtained through diet

Chargaff’s rules: adenine = thymine, guanine = cytosine

Mules are produced by mating a female horse and a male donkey

Mendel's reasons to pick garden peas is because they need caring and cultivating

Kicking, leaping, and flying involve muscles and bones

Microevolution is quantifiable evolutionary within a population

Tropical rainforest in the Phillippines are common.

Bioremediation uses microorganism metabolism to clean up toxic wastes

A decrease in carbon dioxide decreases the rate of photosynthesis

Scurvy is caused by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency

Increased urbanization disrupts natural habitats

Parthenogenesis is a modified form of sexual reproduction is seen among bees

Ecosystems are communities interacting with nonliving things

Deforestation is the removal of trees

Galileo Galilee is the "Father of Modern Science because of scientific method use

Leeches are segmented worms used for anticoagulation

The Bruntland Commission emphasizes sustainable development

The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 requires anti-pollution devices and bans incinerators