Plant Anatomy and Cell Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of studying plant anatomy?

  • To solve taxonomic problems (correct)
  • To enhance culinary skills
  • To understand animal behavior
  • To develop new gardening techniques

    • The cell wall is formed from the protoplasm surrounded by a protective layer.

    True

    What is the first layer of the cell wall called?

    Middle lamella

    The primary cell wall is composed mainly of ______ fibers.

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell wall structures with their characteristics:

    <p>Middle lamella = Forms between newborn cells Primary cell wall = Thin and elastic Secondary cell wall = Rigid and non-elastic Pectin = Adhesive component of the middle lamella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is added to the secondary cell wall to increase rigidity?

    <p>Lignin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary cell wall is formed only after cell maturation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tissues play in the plant body?

    <p>They form different organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the middle lamella in plant cells?

    <p>To adhere cells to one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary cell wall is more elastic than the primary cell wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plasmodesmata and what is their function?

    <p>Cytoplasmic strands that pass through pits, connecting neighboring protoplasms for transport of materials and stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is a plastid specialized for photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll.

    <p>chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their primary functions:

    <p>Nucleus = Contains chromatin and nucleoli, involved in cell division Mitochondria = Energy production through respiration Endoplasmic Reticulum = System of membranes for protein synthesis Plastids = Storage and pigment functions in plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is formed after the cell has fully grown and is comprised mainly of cellulose and lignin?

    <p>Secondary cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vacuoles are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-protoplasmic contents in plant cells?

    <p>Storage or waste compounds such as starch grains, protein, oil bodies, and mineral crystals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conducting element in angiosperms?

    <p>Vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tracheids have round perforated ends.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of primary xylem elements formed during plant growth?

    <p>Protoxylem and metaxylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phloem primarily transports ______ materials from leaves to other parts of the plant.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the cell walls of tracheids?

    <p>Thick, lignified, and pitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of phloem with their functions:

    <p>Sieve tubes = Transport food materials Companion cells = Support sieve tubes Phloem fibers = Provide support and strength Phloem parenchyma = Storage of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xylem fibers are responsible for food transport in plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of thickening in xylem tracheary elements called?

    <p>Lignification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of a young dicot stem is responsible for photosynthesis?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pericycle is the outermost layer of a monocot stem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular bundles are arranged in a ring form in dicot stems?

    <p>Open collateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicot stems, the innermost layer of the cortex that is rich in starch grains is called the ______.

    <p>starch sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the stem with their descriptions:

    <p>Epidermis = Outermost protective layer Hypodermis = Provides mechanical strength Pith = Center of stem for food storage Medullary Rays = Connect cortex with pith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells composes the epidermis of young dicot stems?

    <p>Parenchyma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocot stems have a differentiated cortex and pith.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers are found in the hypodermis of a monocot stem?

    <p>Sclerenchyma fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sieve tubes in phloem tissue?

    <p>Transport nutrients and sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Companion cells have a role in regulating the passage of substances within the sieve tubes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epidermal tissue system primarily responsible for?

    <p>Protection of internal tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sieve tubes are composed of thin-walled cells and have a ________ structure.

    <p>tube-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phloem components with their functions:

    <p>Sieve tubes = Transport nutrients Companion cells = Regulate substance passage Phloem parenchyma = Store food Phloem fibers = Provide support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the epidermal tissue system?

    <p>Sieve tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cuticle is found in the roots of plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are phloem fibers made of?

    <p>Sclerenchyma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes xylary fibers?

    <p>Long narrow cells found with xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sclerides are longer than fibers and have thinner walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of xylem within a plant?

    <p>Conducting water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complex tissues of a plant that transport food materials are called ______.

    <p>phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements of xylem with their descriptions:

    <p>Vessels = Series of elongated elements forming tube-like structures Tracheids = Pitted and lignified cell walls Xylem Fibers = Non-conducting elements with thick walls Xylem Parenchyma = Non-conducting elements involved in storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scleride is star-shaped?

    <p>Astrosclerids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xylem consists of only conducting elements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main functions of xylem and phloem in plants?

    <p>Xylem conducts water and minerals; phloem transports food materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Plant Anatomy

    • Plant anatomy is the branch of science that studies the internal structure of plants.
    • Anatomical studies are important for understanding plant function, solving taxonomic problems, and pharmacognosy.

    Plant Body Organization

    • Plant bodies are composed of cells, which are the smallest structural and functional units of life.
    • Cells organize into tissues, and tissues form organs.
    • Plant organization proceeds from cells to tissues to organ systems to organs.

    The Plant Cell

    • Plant cells are formed from protoplasm surrounded by a cell wall.
    • The cell wall provides shape, protection, support, and strength.
    • Protoplasm includes the cytoplasm and its contents (organelles).

    Cell Wall Structure

    • The middle lamella is the first layer of the cell wall, formed during cell division.
    • It is composed of pectin, which helps adhere cells together to form tissues.
    • The primary cell wall is thin and elastic, while the secondary cell wall is rigid and non-elastic and develops after cell maturation.
    • The secondary cell wall, when present, contains lignin, cutin, or subrin for added strength.
    • Pits are pores in the cell wall through which plasmodesmata connect neighboring cells.

    The Protoplasm and its Components

    • Protoplasm comprises the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles.
    • The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane and contains nucleoli, chromatin (which condenses into chromosomes during cell division), and nuclear sap.
    • The endoplasmic reticulum forms a network of sacs and tubules, often coated with ribosomes, potentially involved in protein synthesis.
    • Mitochondria are involved in respiration and energy production and are surrounded by double membranes.
    • Plastids are double-membraned organelles.
    • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll for performing photosynthesis.
    • Chromoplasts contain colorful pigments.
    • Leucoplasts are non-pigmented plastids involved in storing starch.
    • Vacuoles are storage cavities, filled with fluid, surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast) that regulates turgidity and osmosis.
    • Non-protoplasmic (non-living) contents are storage or waste products like starch grains, protein bodies, oil bodies and mineral crystals.

    Starch grains

    • They are formed in plastids called amyloplasts.
    • Starch grains show layering around a point called the hilum.
    • Concentric starch grains have the hilum at the center.
    • Excentric grains have the hilum at the side.

    Calcium Oxalate Crystals

    • Druses are star-shaped aggregates of calcium oxalate crystals.
    • Raphides are bundles of needle-like crystals.

    Plant Tissues

    • Tissues are groups of cells with a shared origin and function.
    • Meristematic tissues are actively dividing cells.
    • Permanent tissues have lost their ability to divide and have specialized in function.
    • Simple tissues have similar types of cells; complex tissues have varied cell types.

    Simple Tissues

    • Parenchyma: thin-walled, living cells with intercellular spaces. Includes food storage, gas exchange, and photosynthesis (in chlorenchyma).
    • Collenchyma: living cells with unevenly thickened primary walls. Provides mechanical support and flexibility.
    • Sclerenchyma: non-living cells with thick secondary walls. Provides mechanical support and protection.

    Complex Tissues

    • Xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to shoots. Consists of vessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma.
    • Phloem: transports sugar and other organic compounds from leaves to other parts of the plant. Composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma.

    Tissue Systems

    • Dermal tissue system: outer protective layer (epidermis). Includes protection from mechanical damage, pathogen infection, water loss, and gas exchange.
    • Ground tissue system: bulk of the plant body, between vascular tissue and epidermis. Includes support (collenchyma and sclerenchyma), storage (parenchyma), and photosynthesis (mesophyll).
    • Vascular tissue system: conducts water and organic compounds throughout the plant body. Includes xylem and phloem.

    Anatomy of Young Plant Organs

    • Roots: composed of epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem, and pith.
    • Stems: composed of epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles, and pith.
    • Leaves: composed of upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles (veins).

    Monocot and Dicot Differences

    • Monocots and dicots differ in the arrangement of vascular bundles in stems and the structure of roots and leaves.

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