Planet Earth Course (GEOL 110) - Chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that shapes the Earth's surface?

  • Plate Tectonics
  • Solar Radiation (correct)
  • Climate
  • Atmospheric Pressure

    • How does climate change differ from weather?

  • Climate is a short-term condition; weather is long-term.
  • Climate changes less frequently than weather. (correct)
  • Climate is defined by lower temperature ranges.
  • Weather is the average of conditions over decades.

    • What is a consequence of sea level drop during ice ages?

  • Increased marine biodiversity
  • Expansion of tropical forests
  • Warming of ocean waters
  • Formation of river channels (correct)

    • Which of the following processes is an example of mechanical weathering?

    <p>Thermal expansion cracks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of weathering involves the breaking apart of rocks due to temperature fluctuations?

    <p>Thermal cracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do volcanoes play in climate change?

    <p>They emit greenhouse gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes chemical weathering?

    <p>It involves the dissolution of rocks into water, changing their composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crust is denser and has a basalt composition?

    <p>Oceanic crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is described as the transportation of weathered materials from one place to a lower elevation?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological evidence supports changes in climate over millions of years?

    <p>Fossils and marine sediments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one driving force of long-term climate change mentioned?

    <p>Movement of continental plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes root wedging?

    <p>Plant roots opening cracks in the rock as they grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major climatic factor influenced the shaping of Jebel Hafit Mountain?

    <p>Hot arid climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During greenhouse ages, what happens to sea levels?

    <p>They rise due to melting ice sheets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines climate?

    <p>The long-term average of weather in a region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is created when Fe2+ in minerals oxidizes to form Fe oxides?

    <p>Hematite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tectonic feature is characterized by its thinness and variable types of material?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of tectonic plates according to current theories?

    <p>Thermal convection cells in the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of weathering results in cavities due to the dissolution of minerals by slightly acidic rainwater?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily shapes the landscape in regions with cold glacial climates, such as the Alps?

    <p>Glacial movement and erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure is primarily formed at divergent plate boundaries?

    <p>New oceanic crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios describes a result of convergent plate boundaries?

    <p>Subduction of one plate under another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is an example of a divergent plate boundary?

    <p>African Rift Valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crust interaction leads to the formation of mountains?

    <p>Continental crust colliding with continental crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about oceanic crust is true?

    <p>Basalt is the dominant rock type in oceanic crust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plate boundary is characterized by plates sliding past each other?

    <p>Transform boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is often formed from volcanism at divergent plate boundaries?

    <p>Volcanic islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process occurring at a convergent boundary where two oceanic plates collide?

    <p>Formation of deep ocean trenches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The creation of new ocean will most likely occur in what type of plate boundary?

    <p>Divergent plate boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do divergent boundaries have on the crust?

    <p>Crust thinning and sea floor spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological formation resulted from India's collision with Asia?

    <p>Himalaya Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect when oceanic crust collides with continental crust?

    <p>Subduction of the denser oceanic crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms at the site where oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust?

    <p>Volcanic Islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature is characterized by earthquakes due to friction without crust destruction?

    <p>Transform Boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process destroys part of the oceanic crust during subduction?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a trench in geological terms?

    <p>A deep zone along the line where two plates meet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plates collides to form the Andes Mountains?

    <p>Pacific Plate and South American Plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a consequence of oceanic crust colliding with oceanic crust?

    <p>Creation of a rift valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the subduction of the older oceanic crust?

    <p>It is destroyed in the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological phenomenon is most likely to occur as a result of plate tectonic movement?

    <p>Earthquakes and potential tsunamis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Planet Earth Course (GEOL 110) - Chapter 3: Earth Shaping Processes

    This chapter focuses on the processes shaping the Earth's surface.

    • The course is delivered primarily online.
    • Dr. Dalal Alshamsi from the Geology Department, College of Science at the United Arab Emirates University is the instructor.
    • Two sessions cover the material.
    • Earth's surface shaping factors include climate and plate tectonics.
      • Climate includes weathering and erosion.
      • Weathering is the breakdown of rocks, into smaller pieces without a change in chemical or mineral makeup. There are two main types:
        • Mechanical weathering breaks rocks down physically into smaller pieces (e.g., frost wedging, thermal cracking, and root wedging).
        • Chemical weathering dissolves rocks via a chemical process, altering their chemical and mineral composition. (e.g., oxidation and dissolution)
      • Erosion is the transportation of weathered material from one location to another. It can be done by running water or wind. Climate plays a role in erosion's results.

    Plate Tectonics

    • Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's lithosphere is divided into large moving plates.
    • The crust is composed of two types of material:
      • Continental crust (10-70 km thick) is relatively less dense and has a granite-like composition.
      • Oceanic crust (3-15 km thick) is denser and has a basalt composition.
    • The crust is divided into a mosaic of plates with variable sizes.
    • Plates move, and this movement is caused by convection currents in the mantle. Heat transfer goes from the core to the surface, causing currents within the earth to move.
    • Plate movement and their interactions (collision, divergence and transform) lead to various geological features.
      • Divergent plates: move apart, creating new crust (e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland, Red Sea, and African Rift Valley).
      • Convergent plates: collide, causing crustal deformation (e.g., mountains, trenches, and earthquakes)
        • Continental-Continental convergence: The collision of two continental plates leads to mountain building and crust thickening. (e.g. The Himalayas)
        • Continental-Oceanic convergence: A denser oceanic plate subducts (dives) under a less dense continental plate. This process forms volcanoes, earthquakes, and trenches, (e.g. Andean Mountains)
        • Oceanic-Oceanic convergence: The collision of two oceanic plates results in volcanic island arcs and deep sea trenches, (e.g. Mariana trench and Mariana Islands)
      • Transform plates: slide past each other, causing friction and earthquakes. (e.g., San Andreas Fault, and Dibba Fault).

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    Planet Earth Course (GEOL 110) BLT Form - Chapter 3 PDF

    Description

    Explore the critical processes that shape the Earth's surface, including the roles of climate, weathering, and erosion. This chapter delves into mechanical and chemical weathering, and how these processes contribute to the Earth's changing landscape. Join Dr. Dalal Alshamsi in understanding the dynamic interactions that define our planet.

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