Planck's Postulate & Quantum Physics

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Questions and Answers

Before the era of slave trade, thriving societies existed in West Africa, such as Benin, Mali, and ______.

Songhay

The transatlantic slave trade is also known as the ______ Trade.

Trade Triangle

The journey across the Atlantic, endured by enslaved Africans, was known as the ______ Passage.

Middle

Enslaved Africans faced harsh conditions and exploitation while working on ______.

<p>plantations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite the dehumanizing conditions of slavery, enslaved Africans actively engaged in ______ to challenge their oppression.

<p>resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enlightenment ideals encouraging human rights and liberty provided the ______ for the abolition of slavery.

<p>reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the abolition of slavery, Britain's continued dependence on US ______ led to the 'cotton famine'.

<p>cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the era of the slave trade, the city of ______ gained prominence as a crucial port.

<p>Liverpool</p> Signup and view all the answers

The legacy of slavery is seen in the controversies surrounding figures like Edward ______ and the impact on the Caribbean.

<p>Colston</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of women in the nineteenth century was a key factor in the fight for women's equality.

<p>position</p> Signup and view all the answers

Key suffrage and suffragette groups, such as the NUWSS and the ______ advocated for women's right to vote.

<p>WSPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emmeline Pankhurst, Sophia Duleep Singh, and Hannah Mitchell played pivotal roles as leading ______.

<p>suffragettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women's contribution to the ______ War was crucial, leading to the passage of the ROPA 1918.

<p>Great</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since 1928, women have campaigned for ______, focusing on issues like equal pay.

<p>equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the First World War, ______ was used to encourage men to volunteer for military service.

<p>Recruitment propaganda</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British Empire made a significant ______ to the war effort during the First World War.

<p>contribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soldiers experienced the harsh realities of ______ and fighting on the Western Front during the First World War.

<p>living</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Front during the First World War involved civilians contributing to the war effort at home.

<p>Home</p> Signup and view all the answers

The First World War had a lasting ______ on society and international relations.

<p>significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The recruitment propaganda was produced to influence and get ______ men to volunteer and to influence society about the war.

<p>why</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Life in West Africa before slavery

Life in West Africa involved thriving societies and cultures before the arrival of the transatlantic slave trade.

The Trade Triangle

A system of trade involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas, trading slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods.

Capture in Africa and Middle Passage

The forced capture and transport of Africans across the Atlantic, resulting in immense suffering and loss of life.

Slave sale

The buying and selling of enslaved Africans as property, separating families and perpetuating dehumanization.

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Life on plantation

Enslaved Africans endured harsh labor, violence, and family separation on plantations in the Americas.

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Slave resistance

Enslaved Africans resisted slavery through various means, including rebellions, escape attempts, and cultural preservation.

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Reasons for the abolition of slavery

Moral and ethical opposition, economic factors, and political pressure. Movements emphasizing human rights.

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Britain's continued dependence on US cotton; the 'cotton famine'

Following abolition, Britain remained reliant on US cotton, leading to economic vulnerability during the American Civil War which disrupted supply.

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Importance of Liverpool as a port during the slave trade

Liverpool became a major port due to its involvement in the slave trade, contributing to its economic growth and prominence.

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Controversies of slavery - Edward Colston and the Caribbean legacy

Edward Colston's involvement in the slave trade and the legacy of slavery in the Caribbean continue to be debated and addressed.

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Position of women in the nineteenth century

In the nineteenth century, women faced legal, social, and economic disadvantages, limiting their opportunities and freedoms.

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Suffrage and suffragette groups: the NUWSS and the WSPU

Organizations such as the NUWSS and WSPU advocated for women's right to vote through various tactics, from peaceful protests to more militant actions.

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The role and significance leading suffragettes

Emmeline Pankhurst, Sophia Duleep Singh, and Hannah Mitchell were key figures who led the fight for women's suffrage in Britain.

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Women's contribution to the Great War and its importance in the passage of the ROPA 1918

Women contributed to the war effort in various roles, demonstrating their capabilities and ultimately influencing the passage of the Representation of the People Act 1918.

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Women's campaign for equality since 1928

Women campaigned for equal pay and other rights after 1928, continuing the fight for equality and challenging gender norms.

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Recruitment propaganda, why men volunteered

Governments used recruitment propaganda to encourage men to volunteer for military service during World War I.

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Contribution of the British Empire to the war effort

The British Empire made significant contributions to the war effort through soldiers, resources, and financial support.

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Living and fighting on the Western Front

Soldiers endured trench warfare, new technologies, and immense psychological trauma on the Western Front.

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Home Front

The Home Front experienced rationing, economic changes, and shifts in social roles as people mobilized for total war.

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Significance of the Great War

The war resulted in significant geopolitical shifts, technological advancements, and lasting social and psychological consequences.

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Study Notes

  • Classical physics failed to explain blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect.

Planck's Postulate

  • In 1900, Max Planck proposed that energy is quantized to solve the blackbody radiation problem.
  • Energy is radiated in small, discrete packets called quanta, or photons
  • Photons of light have definite energy (E) determined by the frequency (f) of the light: E = hf
  • Planck's constant (h) is 6.626 x 10^-34 Js
  • Allowed energy levels of an oscillator with frequency (f): En = nhf, where n = 1, 2, 3,...

Example

  • The eye can detect 1.0 x 10^-18 J of electromagnetic energy
  • For green light with a wavelength of 550 nm, the number of photons the eye can detect is calculated as:
  • N = (Eλ) / (hc)
  • Substituting the given values: N = (1.0 x 10^-18 J)(550 x 10^-9 m) / (6.626 x 10^-34 Js)(3.0 x 10^8 m/s) ≈ 3 photons

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