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Questions and Answers
GDPs rely on the inhibitory actions of GABA.
GDPs rely on the inhibitory actions of GABA.
False
The presence of GABAR is essential for the development of an epilepsy-like network.
The presence of GABAR is essential for the development of an epilepsy-like network.
False
Synaptic plasticity is an experience-independent phenomenon.
Synaptic plasticity is an experience-independent phenomenon.
False
GABA is always an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
GABA is always an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
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LTP is a type of short-term synaptic plasticity.
LTP is a type of short-term synaptic plasticity.
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NMDA-independent synaptic plasticity is a result of changes in synaptic strength without the involvement of NMDA receptors.
NMDA-independent synaptic plasticity is a result of changes in synaptic strength without the involvement of NMDA receptors.
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GABA-releasing and glutamatergic synapses are formed simultaneously.
GABA-releasing and glutamatergic synapses are formed simultaneously.
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The chloride-extruding system is responsible for the switch from excitatory to inhibitory GABA action.
The chloride-extruding system is responsible for the switch from excitatory to inhibitory GABA action.
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Memory is dependent on changes in behavior without any relation to the past history of the subject.
Memory is dependent on changes in behavior without any relation to the past history of the subject.
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Bicuculline application during the prenatal stage leads to the development of a balanced neural network.
Bicuculline application during the prenatal stage leads to the development of a balanced neural network.
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Study Notes
Retrograde Alteration
- Interventions that alter the spatial distribution of synaptic efficacy can change an animal's memory of a prior learning experience.
- An atypical isoform of PKC (protein kinase Mzeta) is active only in late LTP, and an inhibitor (ZIP) of this isoform has been discovered.
- ZIP works as a pseudosubstrate, preventing the enzyme from recognizing its real ligand.
Experiment with ZIP
- Electrophysiological experiment: high-frequency stimulation was delivered, causing synaptic potentiation, and then ZIP was applied, leading to downregulation of synaptic potentiation.
- Behavioral experiment: Place avoidance apparatus was used, and animals treated with ZIP lost the memory of the dangerous situation.
Mimicry
- The possibility of creating a false memory through artificial manipulation of synapses.
- Two problems to solve:
- How to artificially potentiate specific synapses in the brain (optogenetic approach).
- How to identify synapses undergoing LTP during learning (in the amygdala).
Chloride Cotransporters
- NKCC1 (Na-K-Cl cotransporter type 1): uses energy from sodium extrusion to allow chloride entrance into the cell, increasing [Cl]i.
- KCC2 (K-Cl cotransporter type 2): exploits the potassium gradient to pump chloride out of the cell, decreasing [Cl]i.
- In immature neurons, NKCC1 is more expressed, leading to chloride accumulation; during development, KCC2 expression increases, and NKCC1 remains invariant.
GABA's Role
- GABA can have a depolarizing or hyperpolarizing role, influencing the action potential.
- In immature neurons, GABA has a depolarizing activity, switching to hyperpolarizing in mature neurons.
- GDPs (giant depolarizing potentials) are influenced by GABA's excitatory action.
Synaptic Plasticity
- Experience-dependent modification in strength of neuronal communication, relying on synaptic changes.
- Types of plasticity: LTP/LDP, short-term/long-term, NMDA-dependent/independent.
- Synaptic plasticity is related to the past history of the subject being analyzed, similar to memory.
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Description
This quiz covers the role of atypical PKC isoform and its inhibitor ZIP in late Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) and their effect on synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
