Understanding the Role of PKC-ε1 in Mito KATP Opening and H2O2 Production
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a molecular event in early atherogenesis?

  • Activation of nuclear factor-kB
  • Activation of integrins on monocytes (correct)
  • Promotion of LDL oxidation
  • Stimulation of monocyte extravasation

    • Which enzyme promotes LDL oxidation?

  • MCSF
  • PDGF
  • 15-lipoxygenase (correct)
  • LDL receptor

    • What is the major cellular effect of ischemia and reperfusion?

  • Intracellular Ca2+ accumulation
  • Activation of nuclear factor-kB
  • Intracellular accumulation of lactate
  • Deficit of high-energy phosphates (correct)

    • Which of the following is a consequence of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion?

    <p>Activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of cell death during reperfusion?

    <p>Necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?

    <p>Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger during reperfusion?

    <p>Extrusion of Na+ in exchange for Ca2+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidative deamination of several monoamines, resulting in increased ROS production?

    <p>MAO-A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of SIRT1 in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the protection against oxidative and free radical stress in cardiovascular health?

    <p>Nrf2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of exercise training on the expression of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels?

    <p>Increases expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is activated by PKC-ε 1 and leads to an increase in H2O2 production?

    <p>MAPK pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?

    <p>Phospholamban (PLB) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?

    <p>MAPK pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is inhibited by diabetes, leading to the activation of GSK-3β and mitochondrial cell death in ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction?

    <p>Protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the vasculature?

    <p>Aging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between aging and the transcription factor NF-κB?

    <p>Aging decreases the inhibitory complex that prevents NF-κB from entering the nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins involved in protection against oxidative and free radical stress are induced by calorie restriction?

    <p>Glutathione-S-transferases (GST), NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of exercise on mitochondrial levels of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2)?

    <p>Exercise increases mitochondrial levels of SOD2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule promotes LDL oxidation during atherogenesis?

    <p>ROS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein mediates adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells during atherogenesis?

    <p>Integrins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotactic factor stimulates extravasation of monocytes during atherogenesis?

    <p>Chemokines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pro-inflammatory cytokines activate nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) during atherogenesis?

    <p>TNF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor causes recruitment and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during atherogenesis?

    <p>PDGF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which high-energy phosphates are deficient during ischemia?

    <p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the activation of GSK-3β and induction of mitochondrial cell death in ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction?

    <p>PKC-ε 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is implicated in the mediating of physiological cardiac hypertrophy?

    <p>PI3K/Akt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is down-regulated in heart failure, impairing β-adrenoceptor signaling?

    <p>PKA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is commonly associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in heart failure patients?

    <p>Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is activated by IPC and Ipost to protect against cardiac cell death?

    <p>PI3K/Akt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the inhibition of SERCA and impaired Ca2+ cycling in heart failure?

    <p>PKA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the protection against oxidative and free radical stress in cardiovascular health?

    <p>SIRT1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of exercise training on the expression of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels?

    <p>Increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?

    <p>MitoKATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cellular effect of ischemia and reperfusion?

    <p>Increased ROS production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?

    <p>Induction of apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between aging and the transcription factor NF-κB?

    <p>Aging leads to increased NF-κB activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion?

    <p>Activation of Ca2+-dependent proteases and phospholipases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?

    <p>Reenergization of mitochondria and reactivation of the electron transport chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of cell death during reperfusion?

    <p>Ca2+ overload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is responsible for phosphorylating a receptor on the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>Protein Kinase G (PKG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ischemic preconditioning or mitochondrial KATP channel activation during reperfusion?

    <p>Inhibition of Ca2+ overload (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a molecular event in early atherogenesis?

    <p>Oxidative and nitrosative damage to cellular structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of aging in the vasculature?

    <p>Increased expression of adhesion molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for preventing the transcription factor NF-κB from entering the nucleus?

    <p>Inhibitory complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of calorie restriction (CR) on NF-κB activity?

    <p>Attenuation of the age-related loss of NF-κB inhibition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are induced by calorie restriction (CR) to protect against oxidative and free radical stress?

    <p>Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular event that initiates atherogenesis?

    <p>Increased expression of adhesion molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are responsible for the age-related post-ischemic dysfunction and cell damage in the heart?

    <p>p70S6K and GSK3β (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidative deamination of several monoamines, resulting in increased ROS production?

    <p>MAO-A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of SIRT1 in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Inhibition of tissue factor activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is down-regulated in heart failure, impairing β-adrenoceptor signaling?

    <p>PKC-ε (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is activated by PKC-ε and leads to an increase in H2O2 production?

    <p>NF-κB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are induced by calorie restriction (CR) to protect against oxidative and free radical stress?

    <p>SIRT3 and AMPK (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cellular effect of ischemia and reperfusion?

    <p>Increased ROS production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the protection against oxidative and free radical stress in cardiovascular health?

    <p>SOD2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?

    <p>Bcl2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotactic factor stimulates extravasation of monocytes during atherogenesis?

    <p>ICAM-1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?

    <p>MAPK (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is implicated in the mediating of physiological cardiac hypertrophy?

    <p>p70s6K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of aging in the vasculature?

    <p>Increased production of reactive oxygen species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion?

    <p>Inhibition of the Na+ pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?

    <p>Activation of Ca2+-dependent proteases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is responsible for protecting against oxidative and nitrosative damage in the presence of NO?

    <p>Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of calorie restriction (CR) on NF-κB activity?

    <p>Inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is responsible for phosphorylating a receptor on the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>Protein Kinase G (PKG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular event that initiates atherogenesis?

    <p>Formation of a vesicular caveolar signaling platform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is responsible for inhibiting GSK-3β activation in the PI3K/Akt pathway during myocardial protection against cell death?

    <p>PKA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?

    <p>MAPK pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?

    <p>Phospholamban (PLB) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor causes recruitment and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during atherogenesis?

    <p>Endothelin-1 (ET-1) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which high-energy phosphates are deficient during ischemia?

    <p>ATP and ADP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?

    <p>Increased calcium influx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins mediate adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells during atherogenesis?

    <p>Integrins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme promotes LDL oxidation during atherogenesis?

    <p>15-lipoxygenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pro-inflammatory cytokines activate nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) during atherogenesis?

    <p>IL-1 and TNF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor causes recruitment and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during atherogenesis?

    <p>PDGF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?

    <p>cAMP-PKA pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular effects are observed during ischemia?

    <p>Deficit of high-energy phosphates, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, intracellular accumulation of inorganic phosphate, lactate, and H+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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