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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a molecular event in early atherogenesis?
Which enzyme promotes LDL oxidation?
What is the major cellular effect of ischemia and reperfusion?
Which of the following is a consequence of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion?
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What is the main cause of cell death during reperfusion?
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What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?
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What is the role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger during reperfusion?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidative deamination of several monoamines, resulting in increased ROS production?
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What is the function of SIRT1 in atherosclerosis?
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Which protein is responsible for the protection against oxidative and free radical stress in cardiovascular health?
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What is the effect of exercise training on the expression of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels?
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Which signaling pathway is activated by PKC-ε 1 and leads to an increase in H2O2 production?
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Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?
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Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?
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Which protein kinase is inhibited by diabetes, leading to the activation of GSK-3β and mitochondrial cell death in ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction?
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Which factor is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the vasculature?
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What is the relationship between aging and the transcription factor NF-κB?
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Which proteins involved in protection against oxidative and free radical stress are induced by calorie restriction?
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What is the effect of exercise on mitochondrial levels of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2)?
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Which molecule promotes LDL oxidation during atherogenesis?
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Which protein mediates adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells during atherogenesis?
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Which chemotactic factor stimulates extravasation of monocytes during atherogenesis?
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Which pro-inflammatory cytokines activate nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) during atherogenesis?
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Which growth factor causes recruitment and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during atherogenesis?
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Which high-energy phosphates are deficient during ischemia?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the activation of GSK-3β and induction of mitochondrial cell death in ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction?
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Which signaling pathway is implicated in the mediating of physiological cardiac hypertrophy?
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Which protein kinase is down-regulated in heart failure, impairing β-adrenoceptor signaling?
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Which factor is commonly associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in heart failure patients?
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Which signaling pathway is activated by IPC and Ipost to protect against cardiac cell death?
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Which protein is responsible for the inhibition of SERCA and impaired Ca2+ cycling in heart failure?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the protection against oxidative and free radical stress in cardiovascular health?
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What is the effect of exercise training on the expression of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels?
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Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?
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What is the major cellular effect of ischemia and reperfusion?
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What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?
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What is the relationship between aging and the transcription factor NF-κB?
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Which of the following is a consequence of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion?
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What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?
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What is the main cause of cell death during reperfusion?
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Which protein kinase is responsible for phosphorylating a receptor on the mitochondrial outer membrane?
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What is the effect of ischemic preconditioning or mitochondrial KATP channel activation during reperfusion?
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Which of the following is a molecular event in early atherogenesis?
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Which of the following is a consequence of aging in the vasculature?
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Which protein is responsible for preventing the transcription factor NF-κB from entering the nucleus?
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What is the main effect of calorie restriction (CR) on NF-κB activity?
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Which proteins are induced by calorie restriction (CR) to protect against oxidative and free radical stress?
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What is the molecular event that initiates atherogenesis?
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Which proteins are responsible for the age-related post-ischemic dysfunction and cell damage in the heart?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidative deamination of several monoamines, resulting in increased ROS production?
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What is the role of SIRT1 in atherosclerosis?
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Which protein kinase is down-regulated in heart failure, impairing β-adrenoceptor signaling?
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Which signaling pathway is activated by PKC-ε and leads to an increase in H2O2 production?
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Which molecules are induced by calorie restriction (CR) to protect against oxidative and free radical stress?
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What is the major cellular effect of ischemia and reperfusion?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the protection against oxidative and free radical stress in cardiovascular health?
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Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?
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Which chemotactic factor stimulates extravasation of monocytes during atherogenesis?
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Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?
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Which signaling pathway is implicated in the mediating of physiological cardiac hypertrophy?
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Which of the following is a consequence of aging in the vasculature?
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Which of the following is a consequence of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion?
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What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?
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Which of the following proteins is responsible for protecting against oxidative and nitrosative damage in the presence of NO?
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What is the main effect of calorie restriction (CR) on NF-κB activity?
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Which protein kinase is responsible for phosphorylating a receptor on the mitochondrial outer membrane?
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What is the molecular event that initiates atherogenesis?
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Which protein kinase is responsible for inhibiting GSK-3β activation in the PI3K/Akt pathway during myocardial protection against cell death?
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Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?
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Which protein is responsible for releasing its inhibitory function on SR Ca2+ ATPase in the normal heart?
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Which growth factor causes recruitment and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during atherogenesis?
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Which high-energy phosphates are deficient during ischemia?
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What is the effect of reintroduction of molecular oxygen during reperfusion?
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Which proteins mediate adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells during atherogenesis?
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Which enzyme promotes LDL oxidation during atherogenesis?
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Which pro-inflammatory cytokines activate nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) during atherogenesis?
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Which growth factor causes recruitment and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during atherogenesis?
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Which signaling pathway is impaired in heart failure, resulting in the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs)?
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Which cellular effects are observed during ischemia?
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