Piracy and Trade in 16th Century Spain

Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Maroon' refer to?

Escaped slave

What does 'Corsairs' mean?

French word for pirates

What does it mean to 'smuggle'?

Illegal trade by Spanish colonists

List the ways Europeans tried to steal Spanish wealth.

Piracy, Illegal Trade, Illegal Settlement Signup and view all the answers

Who was the King of France in 1560?

Francis I Signup and view all the answers

What describes Christian countries that were not Catholic?

Protestant Signup and view all the answers

Who were 'Privateers'?

Men who plundered Spanish treasure ships in the name of another European nation Signup and view all the answers

Who was the ruler of England in 1560?

Elizabeth I Signup and view all the answers

Who was the ruler of Spain in 1560?

Philip II Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first Englishman to deal in the African slave trade?

John Hawkins Signup and view all the answers

Define 'fortress.'

A building with strong walls to defend against attack on a port; a fort Signup and view all the answers

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Gave Spain claim to the new world Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'armada'?

A fleet of Spanish warships Signup and view all the answers

Name the French seaport where booty from Spanish America was landed.

Dieppe Signup and view all the answers

Name the English seaport where booty from Spanish America was landed.

Plymouth Signup and view all the answers

How did the Spanish feel about pirates?

They felt pirates were worthless thieves Signup and view all the answers

List reasons for becoming pirates and privateers.

Trade, Vast treasures Signup and view all the answers

When did attacks on Spanish vessels begin?

1506 Signup and view all the answers

Why were Spanish colonists willing to trade illegally with foreign privateers?

Smuggled goods were cheaper and more plentiful Signup and view all the answers

What excuse did Spanish colonists use to trade with privateers?

They would say that the traders forced their way into the harbour Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Hawkins?

Beginner of Triangular Trade Signup and view all the answers

What did Hawkins pay for slaves with in Africa?

Merchandise from England Signup and view all the answers

What did Hawkins trade slaves for in the colonies?

Gold, pearls, sugar, and cow hides to be transported to England Signup and view all the answers

What was Hawkins in search of?

Money. Not trouble Signup and view all the answers

Name some Protestant kingdoms.

Calvinists, Huguenots, and Lutherans Signup and view all the answers

Did the queen initially support Hawkins?

False Signup and view all the answers

What was Hawkins' relationship with Spanish colonists?

He kept on good terms with them Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the West Indies in the second half of the 16th century?

Spain was at war with the Dutch, the English and French were enemies, and the Spanish and French were enemies Signup and view all the answers

Which French group settled Florida and in what year?

French Huguenots settled in 1536 Signup and view all the answers

What was the job of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés?

Conquered the French in Florida; strengthened forts in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; strengthened convoy system; built forts at ports of Havana, Santiago, Santo Domingo, San Juan, Cartagena, Puerto Rico, and San Juan de Ulua Signup and view all the answers

What was San Juan de Ulua?

Port of Vera Cruz Signup and view all the answers

When did John Hawkins' third voyage begin?

1567 Signup and view all the answers

What was the flagship of John Hawkins' third voyage?

Jesus of Lubeck Signup and view all the answers

How many ships and men did Hawkins go on his third voyage with?

6 ships, 400 men Signup and view all the answers

What were the worst hurricane months of the Caribbean?

August and September Signup and view all the answers

What forced Hawkins to seek shelter at San Juan de Ulua?

Bad weather damaged his ships Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Hawkins at San Juan de Ulua?

The King of Spain's ship with the new viceroy aboard arrived; fiercely attacked Hawkins and his men; captured and killed Englishmen Signup and view all the answers

Who was Francis Drake?

Cousin of John Hawkins who was the first to escape in his ship free from the Spanish attacked at San Juan de Ulua Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Drake and Hawkins?

Hawkins had been interested in trade and staying out of trouble, but Drake earned riches by all means necessary Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vocabulary and Key Terms

Maroon: Escaped slaves who formed independent communities.
Corsairs: French term synonymous with pirates.
Smuggle: Engaging in illegal trade by Spanish colonists.
Privateers: Individuals who plundered Spanish treasure ships under a European nation's authority.

European Threats to Spanish Wealth

Methods of stealing Spanish wealth included piracy, illegal trade, and unauthorized settlements.
Spanish perception of pirates was negative, viewing them as worthless thieves.

Historical Figures and Leadership

Francis I was King of France in 1560.
Elizabeth I was the ruler of England during the same period.
Philip II reigned as the King of Spain in 1560.
John Hawkins was the first Englishman involved in the African slave trade.

Trade Dynamics and Piracy

Spanish colonists traded illegally with foreign privateers due to smuggled goods being cheaper and more abundant.
Excuses for engaging with privateers included claims that these traders forced access into harbors.

John Hawkins and the Triangular Trade

Initiated the Triangular Trade, exchanging African slaves for English merchandise and later trading the slaves for precious commodities in the colonies.
Hawkins sought monetary gain and maintained positive relations with Spanish colonists, despite initial lack of support from Queen Elizabeth.

Conflicts in the Caribbean

By the late 16th century, Spain was embroiled in conflicts with the Dutch, English, and French.
The French Huguenots settled in Florida in 1536, marking significant Protestant settlement in America.

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Notable for conquering the French in Florida and reinforcing Spanish fortifications across the Caribbean, including Cuba and Hispaniola.
Built numerous important forts, influencing Spanish defense strategy in the region.

John Hawkins' Third Voyage

Launched in 1567 with a fleet of six ships and 400 men, using the Jesus of Lubeck as his flagship.
Encountered severe weather leading him to seek refuge in San Juan de Ulua, where he faced attacks from the King of Spain's ship.

Francis Drake

Cousin to Hawkins, he gained notoriety for escaping the attack at San Juan de Ulua and differed from Hawkins in that he was driven to acquire wealth by any means.

Key Events and Outcomes

Hawkins' third voyage ended in disaster after a surprise attack at San Juan de Ulua, resulting in significant losses for him and his men.
The worst hurricane months in the Caribbean are noted as August and September, influencing naval activities.

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Description

Explore the intricate dynamics of piracy, trade, and colonial relationships in 16th century Spain. This quiz covers key vocabulary, historical figures, and the impact of privateers on Spanish wealth. Test your knowledge of the social and economic forces shaping this turbulent era.