40 Questions
What is the primary cause of myocardial lipofuscinosis in cattle?
Genetic predisposition in Ayrshire cows
What is the result of an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment, bilirubin, or of haemoglobin in the blood?
Icterus
What is the judgment for a carcass showing extensive xanthosis?
The carcass is condemned
What is the characteristic of osteohemochromatosis in sheep?
Melanin deposits in the viscera
What is the percentage of normal Ayrshire cows that have lipofuscin pigment in skeletal and heart muscles?
28%
What is the result of exposure to light in porphyric cattle?
Development of photodynamic dermatitis
What is the judgment for a carcass affected with osteohemochromatosis?
The carcass is condemned if the condition is generalized
What is the characteristic of myocardial lipofuscinosis in old animals?
Brown pigmentation of skeletal and heart muscles
What is the term for the yellow pigmentation observed in the skin, internal organs, and other tissues?
Icterus
What is the main category of jaundice caused by diseases in which the liver is not impaired?
Uncategorized
What is the classification of pigments based on their origin?
Into exogenous and endogenous pigments
What is the reason for condemning a carcass and viscera with haemolytic, toxic icterus, and obstructive icterus on postmortem examination?
Presence of pigment in the tissue
What is the effect of anthracosis on the carcass?
The lungs are condemned, but the carcass is approved
What is the duration of time a carcass with less severe jaundice is kept in the chiller before re-examination?
24 hours
What is the significance of carotenoid pigments in meat inspection?
They cause a yellowish discoloration in the fat and muscles
Which of the following pigments is not a derivative of haemoglobin?
Melanin
What is the term for tiny foci of haemorrhage, 1-2 mm in diameter?
Petechial haemorrhage
What is a possible cause of haemorrhage in various organs and tissues?
All of the above
What is the term for the accumulation of melanin in various organs?
Melanosis
What is the term for the larger haemorrhage, up to 2-3 cm in size?
Ecchymotic haemorrhage
What is the common finding in older sheep on postmortem examination?
Melanin deposits in the oesophagus and adrenal glands
What is the term for the multifocal deposits of melanin in the liver of a calf?
Melanosis maculosa
What is the condition that causes jaundice in an aged cow, as shown in the image?
Liver disease
What is the judgement on carcasses showing extensive melanosis?
They are rejected for human consumption
What is the term for a lump formed from a blood clot in tissues or organs?
Haematoma
Which of the following is a significant cause of haemorrhage in organs, particularly in the lungs and heart?
Mechanical blow to the head
What is the effect of electrical current used in stunning?
Cardiac muscle stimulation and vasoconstriction
What is the term for bleeding in the muscles, particularly in the tongue, caused by improper stunning?
Ecchymotic haemorrhage
What is the reason for condemnation of a carcass affected with extensive haemorrhage?
Due to septicemia
What is the cause of abnormal odours in cows affected with ketosis?
Sweetish odour of acetone
Which of the following drugs can cause absorption of odours?
All of the above
What is the condition that may result in a haemorrhagic carcass associated with septicemia?
Septicemia
What is the characteristic of the flesh of bloated and constipated animals?
It has a faecal odour
What happens if a carcass gives off a pronounced odour of medicinal, chemical or other foreign substances?
The carcass is condemned
Why is the odour of acetone noted in the connective tissue, kidney fat and musculature of dairy cows?
Due to unsuccessful treatment of milk fever
What is the characteristic of the muscle of immature animals?
It is moist, pale, flabby and poorly developed
What is the purpose of placing a piece of muscle or tissue in cold water and bringing to the boil?
To suspect abnormal odour
Why are carcasses affected with sexual odour held in the cooler and re-tested periodically?
To allow the odour to dissipate
What happens to carcasses if the sexual odour is present after 48 hours?
The carcass is condemned
Why are immature animals not suitable for human consumption?
Due to the low protein, high water content and high proportion of bone in the muscle
Study Notes
Pigmentation
- Classified into two types: exogenous (synthesized outside the body) and endogenous (synthesized within the body)
- Exogenous pigments:
- Anthracosis: carbon particles found in tissues, resulting in black pigmentation in lungs and lymph nodes, often seen in animals raised in urban areas
- Carotenoid pigments: greenish-yellow pigments found in fat and muscles of Jersey and Guernsey cattle, causing yellowish discoloration
- Endogenous pigments:
- Melanin: brown-black pigment found in various organs, randomly distributed in tissues
- Lipofuscin: brown pigment found in skeletal and heart muscles, often seen in older animals
Melanosis
- Accumulation of melanin in various organs, including kidneys, heart, lungs, and liver
- Common finding in older sheep, especially in the oesophagus and adrenal glands
- Multifocal deposits of melanin in the liver of calves are known as "Melanosis maculosa"
- Judgement: carcasses with extensive melanosis are condemned, while localized cases may require only the affected organ or part to be condemned
Myocardial Lipofuscinosis (Brown Atrophy of the Heart, Xanthosis)
- Brown pigmentation of skeletal and heart muscles, often seen in older animals
- Prevalent in Ayrshire cows, affecting approximately 28% of normal cows
- Xanthosis is not dependent on age in Ayrshire cows
Congenital Porphyria (Osteohemochromatosis, Pink Tooth)
- Accumulation of porphyrins in the blood, resulting in tissue pigmentation and photosensitization
- Hereditary disease observed in cattle and sheep
- Exposure to light can initiate photodynamic dermatitis
- Judgement: carcasses with extensive xanthosis are condemned, while localized cases may require only the affected organ or part to be condemned
Icterus (Jaundice)
- Abnormal accumulation of bile pigment, bilirubin, or haemoglobin in the blood
- Yellow pigmentation observed in skin, internal organs, sclerae, tendons, cartilage, arteries, and joint surfaces
- Caused by faulty liver or bile duct malfunction, or diseases not related to liver impairment
- Divided into three main categories: prehepatic, hepatic, and posthepatic jaundice
- Judgement: animals suspected to have icterus are treated as "suspects" on ante-mortem examination, and carcasses with icterus are condemned
Haemorrhage and Haematoma
- Haemorrhage: seen at slaughter in various organs, mucous and serous membranes, skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscles
- Caused by trauma, acute infectious diseases, or septicemia
- Petechial haemorrhage: tiny foci 1-2 mm in diameter
- Ecchymotic haemorrhage: larger, up to 2-3 cm in size
- Paint brush haemorrhage: extensive streaking with haemorrhage
- Associated with vitamin C deficiencies, sudden increase in blood pressure, weakened blood vessels, and improper electric current stunning
- Judgement: carcasses with minor haemorrhage due to physical causes are approved, while those with extensive haemorrhage or haemorrhagic carcass associated with septicemia are condemned
Abnormal Odours
- Result from ingestion of certain feedstuff, drugs, or pathological conditions
- Abnormal odours may be caused by absorption of odours from strong-smelling substances, sexual odour from male animals, or ketosis
- Judgement: carcasses with abnormal odours are condemned, except for those with fish meal odour, which have inferior meat
Immaturity
- Occurs mainly in calves, especially those younger than two weeks of age
- Muscle of immature animals is moist, pale, flabby, and poorly developed, with low protein, high water content, and a high proportion of bone
- Immature animals should not be slaughtered for human consumption
This quiz covers the different types of pigmentation in animals, including exogenous and endogenous pigments, and their effects on tissues and body parts.
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