Pigmentation in Animals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of myocardial lipofuscinosis in cattle?

  • Exposure to light
  • Age of the animal
  • Genetic predisposition in Ayrshire cows (correct)
  • Chronic wasting diseases

    • What is the result of an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment, bilirubin, or of haemoglobin in the blood?

  • Osteohemochromatosis
  • Xanthosis
  • Myocardial lipofuscinosis
  • Icterus (correct)

    • What is the judgment for a carcass showing extensive xanthosis?

  • The entire carcass is approved
  • The carcass is condemned (correct)
  • The head and bones are condemned
  • Only the affected organ or part of the carcass is condemned

    • What is the characteristic of osteohemochromatosis in sheep?

    <p>Melanin deposits in the viscera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of normal Ayrshire cows that have lipofuscin pigment in skeletal and heart muscles?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of exposure to light in porphyric cattle?

    <p>Development of photodynamic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the judgment for a carcass affected with osteohemochromatosis?

    <p>The carcass is condemned if the condition is generalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of myocardial lipofuscinosis in old animals?

    <p>Brown pigmentation of skeletal and heart muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the yellow pigmentation observed in the skin, internal organs, and other tissues?

    <p>Icterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main category of jaundice caused by diseases in which the liver is not impaired?

    <p>Uncategorized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of pigments based on their origin?

    <p>Into exogenous and endogenous pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for condemning a carcass and viscera with haemolytic, toxic icterus, and obstructive icterus on postmortem examination?

    <p>Presence of pigment in the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anthracosis on the carcass?

    <p>The lungs are condemned, but the carcass is approved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of time a carcass with less severe jaundice is kept in the chiller before re-examination?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of carotenoid pigments in meat inspection?

    <p>They cause a yellowish discoloration in the fat and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pigments is not a derivative of haemoglobin?

    <p>Melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for tiny foci of haemorrhage, 1-2 mm in diameter?

    <p>Petechial haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of haemorrhage in various organs and tissues?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of melanin in various organs?

    <p>Melanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the larger haemorrhage, up to 2-3 cm in size?

    <p>Ecchymotic haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common finding in older sheep on postmortem examination?

    <p>Melanin deposits in the oesophagus and adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the multifocal deposits of melanin in the liver of a calf?

    <p>Melanosis maculosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition that causes jaundice in an aged cow, as shown in the image?

    <p>Liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the judgement on carcasses showing extensive melanosis?

    <p>They are rejected for human consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a lump formed from a blood clot in tissues or organs?

    <p>Haematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant cause of haemorrhage in organs, particularly in the lungs and heart?

    <p>Mechanical blow to the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electrical current used in stunning?

    <p>Cardiac muscle stimulation and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bleeding in the muscles, particularly in the tongue, caused by improper stunning?

    <p>Ecchymotic haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for condemnation of a carcass affected with extensive haemorrhage?

    <p>Due to septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of abnormal odours in cows affected with ketosis?

    <p>Sweetish odour of acetone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs can cause absorption of odours?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition that may result in a haemorrhagic carcass associated with septicemia?

    <p>Septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the flesh of bloated and constipated animals?

    <p>It has a faecal odour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a carcass gives off a pronounced odour of medicinal, chemical or other foreign substances?

    <p>The carcass is condemned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the odour of acetone noted in the connective tissue, kidney fat and musculature of dairy cows?

    <p>Due to unsuccessful treatment of milk fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the muscle of immature animals?

    <p>It is moist, pale, flabby and poorly developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of placing a piece of muscle or tissue in cold water and bringing to the boil?

    <p>To suspect abnormal odour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are carcasses affected with sexual odour held in the cooler and re-tested periodically?

    <p>To allow the odour to dissipate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carcasses if the sexual odour is present after 48 hours?

    <p>The carcass is condemned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are immature animals not suitable for human consumption?

    <p>Due to the low protein, high water content and high proportion of bone in the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pigmentation

    • Classified into two types: exogenous (synthesized outside the body) and endogenous (synthesized within the body)
    • Exogenous pigments:
      • Anthracosis: carbon particles found in tissues, resulting in black pigmentation in lungs and lymph nodes, often seen in animals raised in urban areas
      • Carotenoid pigments: greenish-yellow pigments found in fat and muscles of Jersey and Guernsey cattle, causing yellowish discoloration
    • Endogenous pigments:
      • Melanin: brown-black pigment found in various organs, randomly distributed in tissues
      • Lipofuscin: brown pigment found in skeletal and heart muscles, often seen in older animals

    Melanosis

    • Accumulation of melanin in various organs, including kidneys, heart, lungs, and liver
    • Common finding in older sheep, especially in the oesophagus and adrenal glands
    • Multifocal deposits of melanin in the liver of calves are known as "Melanosis maculosa"
    • Judgement: carcasses with extensive melanosis are condemned, while localized cases may require only the affected organ or part to be condemned

    Myocardial Lipofuscinosis (Brown Atrophy of the Heart, Xanthosis)

    • Brown pigmentation of skeletal and heart muscles, often seen in older animals
    • Prevalent in Ayrshire cows, affecting approximately 28% of normal cows
    • Xanthosis is not dependent on age in Ayrshire cows

    Congenital Porphyria (Osteohemochromatosis, Pink Tooth)

    • Accumulation of porphyrins in the blood, resulting in tissue pigmentation and photosensitization
    • Hereditary disease observed in cattle and sheep
    • Exposure to light can initiate photodynamic dermatitis
    • Judgement: carcasses with extensive xanthosis are condemned, while localized cases may require only the affected organ or part to be condemned

    Icterus (Jaundice)

    • Abnormal accumulation of bile pigment, bilirubin, or haemoglobin in the blood
    • Yellow pigmentation observed in skin, internal organs, sclerae, tendons, cartilage, arteries, and joint surfaces
    • Caused by faulty liver or bile duct malfunction, or diseases not related to liver impairment
    • Divided into three main categories: prehepatic, hepatic, and posthepatic jaundice
    • Judgement: animals suspected to have icterus are treated as "suspects" on ante-mortem examination, and carcasses with icterus are condemned

    Haemorrhage and Haematoma

    • Haemorrhage: seen at slaughter in various organs, mucous and serous membranes, skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscles
    • Caused by trauma, acute infectious diseases, or septicemia
    • Petechial haemorrhage: tiny foci 1-2 mm in diameter
    • Ecchymotic haemorrhage: larger, up to 2-3 cm in size
    • Paint brush haemorrhage: extensive streaking with haemorrhage
    • Associated with vitamin C deficiencies, sudden increase in blood pressure, weakened blood vessels, and improper electric current stunning
    • Judgement: carcasses with minor haemorrhage due to physical causes are approved, while those with extensive haemorrhage or haemorrhagic carcass associated with septicemia are condemned

    Abnormal Odours

    • Result from ingestion of certain feedstuff, drugs, or pathological conditions
    • Abnormal odours may be caused by absorption of odours from strong-smelling substances, sexual odour from male animals, or ketosis
    • Judgement: carcasses with abnormal odours are condemned, except for those with fish meal odour, which have inferior meat

    Immaturity

    • Occurs mainly in calves, especially those younger than two weeks of age
    • Muscle of immature animals is moist, pale, flabby, and poorly developed, with low protein, high water content, and a high proportion of bone
    • Immature animals should not be slaughtered for human consumption

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    Description

    This quiz covers the different types of pigmentation in animals, including exogenous and endogenous pigments, and their effects on tissues and body parts.

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