44 Questions
Which condition involves the radiographic examination of the salivary glands by injecting a small amount of contrast medium into the salivary duct, followed by routine x-ray projection?
Sialogram
Which disorder is characterized by the inflammation of the testicles?
Orchitis
What is the term for containing or discharging pus?
Purulent sialagogues
Which drug promotes the secretion of saliva?
Nidus
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
Ventilation of middle ear cleft
What is a possible sign of neoplasms?
Unilateral nasal obstruction
What is the term for an epithelialized oroantral communication between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity?
Oroantral fistula (OAF)
What is a symptom of oroantral fistula?
Unilateral nasal blockage
What is a possible cause of oroantral fistula?
Extraction of a maxillary teeth
What is the treatment for septal hematoma?
Drainage
What is a possible complication of septal deviation?
Synechiae
What is the diagnosis for Choanal atresia?
Catheter test and C.T.
What is a common symptom of Atrophic rhinitis?
Loss of sensation of air flow
Which type of fungal sinusitis is associated with atopic patients?
Non-invasive fungal sinusitis
What is the primary treatment for large Oroantral fistulae?
Surgical treatment with local tissue flap
What is the characteristic of Chronic Rhinosinusitis?
Persistent bacterial infection for >3 months
What is the characteristic of Hypertrophic rhinitis?
Hypertrophied inferior turbinates
What is the term for the inflammatory condition that affects immunocompromised patients?
Invasive fungal sinusitis
What is the term for the inflammatory condition that may be associated with allergic sinonasal polypi?
Allergic Rhinitis
What is the term for the hole in the alveolar process?
Oroantral fistula
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
Respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar epithelium)
What are the bony projections that rise from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Turbinates
What is the function of the nasal septum?
To separate the nasal cavity into two halves
What is the commonest site for epistaxis?
Little's area
What is the location of the olfactory cleft?
Upper part of the nasal cavity
What is the name of the area that forms the widened entrance of the nose?
Vestibule
What is the purpose of the nasal bones?
To provide structural support to the nasal cavity
What is the posterior opening of the nasal cavity?
Choanae
What is a characteristic of a Migraine?
Unilateral throbbing pain with aura
What is the main goal of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS)?
To remove mucoceles and contact points
What is a common trigger for Tension Headaches?
Stress, depression, and anxiety
What is a characteristic of Cluster Headaches?
Severe unilateral temporal headache with rhinorrhea
What is the primary purpose of using MRI in the diagnosis of nasal glioma or meningo-encephalocele?
To exclude potential communication to the cranial cavity
What is a treatment for Temporal Arteritis?
Oral corticosteroids
What is the most common cause of facial pain and headache?
Primary Neurological headaches
What is a common cause of Secondary Facial Pain and Headache?
Dental caries
What is the main source of sensory innervation to the structures surrounding the brain?
Trigeminal Nerve
What is a characteristic of Midfacial Segment Pain?
Mild-to-moderate pain that is typically bilateral
What is the definition of sinus headache according to the International Headache Society?
Frontal headache accompanied by pain in the face, ears, or teeth, simultaneously with the onset or acute exacerbation of rhinosinusitis, resolving within 7 days of successful treatment of rhinosinusitis, and showing evidence of rhinosinusitis
What is a treatment for TMJ Syndrome?
Surgical management and medical treatment
What is the cause of pain in sinus mucoceles?
Inflammation in the sinus
What is the primary reason for facial pain and headache?
Pain-sensitive nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve react to headache triggers
Which nerve provides most somatosensory innervation to the head and face region?
A combination of Trigeminal Nerve, Cranial Nerve 7, 9, and 10
What is the type of facial pain and headache that is caused by sinusitis?
Sinogenic Facial Pain and Headache
Study Notes
Here are the study notes in bullet point format:
Salivary Gland Disorders
- Salivary gland disorders can cause choking, compromising, and crater-like symptoms
- Drooling, gritty ligation, and macerated meaning can be related to salivary gland disorders
- Severe difficulty breathing due to constricted or obstructed throat can be a symptom
- Weaken and cause to function less effectively due to salivary gland disorders
Nasal Function
- The nose acts as a resonator for phonation
- The sinuses act as pressure dampers and reduce the weight of the skull
- Drainage of lacrimal fluid occurs through the nasolacrimal duct, which opens in the inferior meatus
Nasal Obstruction
- Partial or complete, stationary or recurrent nasal obstruction can occur
- Unilateral or bilateral nasal obstruction can be a sign of neoplasms
- Causes of nasal obstruction include congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions
Congenital Nasal Obstruction
- Unilateral choanal atresia may pass unnoticed, while bilateral choanal atresia is an emergency in newborns
- Meningoencephalocele is a dangerous condition that can be diagnosed with a catheter test and CT scan
- Treatment for choanal atresia is nasal endoscopic surgical repair
Traumatic Nasal Obstruction
- Septal deviation can be traumatic or developmental and is treated with septoplasty
- Septal hematoma can lead to septal abscess and permanent septal deformity
- Synchiae are intranasal adhesions that follow surgical procedures and require resection
- Foreign bodies can be removed while securing the airway to avoid inhalation
Oroantral Fistula (OAF)
- OAF is an epithelialized communication between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity
- Causes of OAF include extraction of a maxillary tooth, maxillary fracture, destructive tumors, surgical incisions, and osteomyelitis
- Symptoms of OAF include unilateral nasal blockage, recurrent maxillary sinusitis, nasal regurgitation, hypernasal speech, and foul odor
- Investigations for OAF include endoscopic nasal examination, panoramic dental X-ray, and CT scan
- Treatment for OAF includes surgical repair using local tissue flaps, synthetics, allografts, or xenografts
Inflammatory Conditions
- Allergic rhinitis may be associated with allergic sinonasal polypi
- Acute rhinosinusitis can be viral or bacterial and may require antibiotic therapy
- Chronic rhinosinusitis can be non-specific or specific (e.g., nasal granulomas)
- Hypertrophic rhinitis is due to hypertrophied inferior turbinates
- Atrophic rhinitis is characterized by a loss of sensation of air flow, not real obstruction
- Miscellaneous inflammatory conditions include adenoids in the nasopharynx, vasomotor rhinitis, and rhinitis medicamentosa
Fungal Sinusitis
- Chronic rhinosinusitis can be non-specific or specific (e.g., nasal granulomas)
- Fungal sinusitis can be non-invasive (e.g., in atopic patients) or invasive (e.g., in immunocompromised patients)
Nasal Anatomy
- The nasal anatomy includes the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
- The skeleton of the external nose consists of 2 nasal bones and 2 upper and 2 lower lateral cartilages and the septum
- The nasal bones articulate laterally with the frontal process of the maxilla and superiorly with the frontal bone
Nasal Cavity
- The nasal cavity extends from the external nares to the posterior nasal openings (choanae) and then continuous with the nasopharynx
- The nasal cavity is divided into a vestibule, medial wall (nasal septum), lateral wall, and olfactory region/cleft
- The nasal cavity is lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar epithelium) responsible for the mucociliary clearance
Test your knowledge of Pierre Robin syndrome with this quiz. Learn about the key characteristics, pathogenesis, and consequences of this condition, including cleft palate, mandibular micrognathia, and glossoptosis.
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