Pierre Robin Syndrome Quiz

Here are the study notes in bullet point format:

Salivary Gland Disorders

• Salivary gland disorders can cause choking, compromising, and crater-like symptoms
• Drooling, gritty ligation, and macerated meaning can be related to salivary gland disorders
• Severe difficulty breathing due to constricted or obstructed throat can be a symptom
• Weaken and cause to function less effectively due to salivary gland disorders

Nasal Function

• The nose acts as a resonator for phonation
• The sinuses act as pressure dampers and reduce the weight of the skull
• Drainage of lacrimal fluid occurs through the nasolacrimal duct, which opens in the inferior meatus

Nasal Obstruction

• Partial or complete, stationary or recurrent nasal obstruction can occur
• Unilateral or bilateral nasal obstruction can be a sign of neoplasms
• Causes of nasal obstruction include congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions

Congenital Nasal Obstruction

• Unilateral choanal atresia may pass unnoticed, while bilateral choanal atresia is an emergency in newborns
• Meningoencephalocele is a dangerous condition that can be diagnosed with a catheter test and CT scan
• Treatment for choanal atresia is nasal endoscopic surgical repair

Traumatic Nasal Obstruction

• Septal deviation can be traumatic or developmental and is treated with septoplasty
• Septal hematoma can lead to septal abscess and permanent septal deformity
• Synchiae are intranasal adhesions that follow surgical procedures and require resection
• Foreign bodies can be removed while securing the airway to avoid inhalation

Oroantral Fistula (OAF)

• OAF is an epithelialized communication between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity
• Causes of OAF include extraction of a maxillary tooth, maxillary fracture, destructive tumors, surgical incisions, and osteomyelitis
• Symptoms of OAF include unilateral nasal blockage, recurrent maxillary sinusitis, nasal regurgitation, hypernasal speech, and foul odor
• Investigations for OAF include endoscopic nasal examination, panoramic dental X-ray, and CT scan
• Treatment for OAF includes surgical repair using local tissue flaps, synthetics, allografts, or xenografts

Inflammatory Conditions

• Allergic rhinitis may be associated with allergic sinonasal polypi
• Acute rhinosinusitis can be viral or bacterial and may require antibiotic therapy
• Chronic rhinosinusitis can be non-specific or specific (e.g., nasal granulomas)
• Hypertrophic rhinitis is due to hypertrophied inferior turbinates
• Atrophic rhinitis is characterized by a loss of sensation of air flow, not real obstruction
• Miscellaneous inflammatory conditions include adenoids in the nasopharynx, vasomotor rhinitis, and rhinitis medicamentosa

Fungal Sinusitis

• Chronic rhinosinusitis can be non-specific or specific (e.g., nasal granulomas)
• Fungal sinusitis can be non-invasive (e.g., in atopic patients) or invasive (e.g., in immunocompromised patients)

Nasal Anatomy

• The nasal anatomy includes the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
• The skeleton of the external nose consists of 2 nasal bones and 2 upper and 2 lower lateral cartilages and the septum
• The nasal bones articulate laterally with the frontal process of the maxilla and superiorly with the frontal bone

Nasal Cavity

• The nasal cavity extends from the external nares to the posterior nasal openings (choanae) and then continuous with the nasopharynx
• The nasal cavity is divided into a vestibule, medial wall (nasal septum), lateral wall, and olfactory region/cleft
• The nasal cavity is lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar epithelium) responsible for the mucociliary clearance