Sense organs and endocrine system ( online portion)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following picks up sensations of light touch?

  • Pacini corpuscles
  • Ruffini corpuscles
  • Meissner corpuscles (correct)
  • Dermal corpuscles

    • Where is sensory information sent following reaching the thalamus?

  • Cerebral cortex (correct)
  • Cerebellar medulla
  • Corpus callosum
  • Basal nuclei

    • Which of the following describes the basis for referred pain (e.g. the pain of a heart attack radiates to the left shoulder and arm)?

  • Myocardial enzymes from the injured heart muscle diffuse into the shoulder region.
  • The same blood vessels that supply the myocardium also supply the shoulder and arm.
  • The same nerves that carry sensory information from the heart also carry sensory information from the shoulder. (correct)
  • Nociceptors are found only in the axillary region.

    • The sense most closely related to taste is:

    <p>Smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Tastebuds" that contain clusters of chemoreceptors are found within:

    <p>Papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a smell triggers a olfactory receptor, the signal is passed first to:

    <p>olfactory bulb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cranial nerve most related to the ear is:

    <p>vesibulocochlear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the external ear from the middle ear?

    <p>Tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endolymph is located where?

    <p>In the membranous labyrinth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The semicircular canals are involved in:

    <p>balance during movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endolymph in the semicircular canals moves what when you turn your head?

    <p>Cupula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located in the utricle and is responsible for static equilibrium?

    <p>Otoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the white portion of the eye?

    <p>Sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What us the correct order of the flow of tears?

    <p>lacrimal gland - canaliculi - lacrimal sac - nasolacrimal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of light entering the eye?

    <p>cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous humor - retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In regards to refraction, the more convex the light-bending surface, the:

    <p>more the light will be bent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not required for accommodation for near vision?

    <p>Increased curvature of the cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the optic chiasma?

    <p>Fibers of the optic nerve of each eye cross and project to opposite sides of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are differences between the nervous system and endocrine system except:

    <p>influence cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an endocrine gland in the brain?

    <p>Thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Target tissues react to specific hormones due to:

    <p>interaction with specific receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not play a primary role in hormone regulation?

    <p>positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directly regulates the secretions from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal medulla produces:

    <p>catecholamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>hypophyseal portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    LH and FSH are called:

    <p>gonadotropins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is necessary for producing T3 and T4?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an action of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Decrease blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about ADH?

    <p>It helps to regulate blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is shared by both insulin and glucagon?

    <p>are secreted by the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following relates to gluconeogenesis?

    <p>The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are a unique group of lipids that act as "local hormones"?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You place your hand in warm water and within 30 seconds the water feels cooler. Which of the following explains this experience?

    <p>The thermoreceptors adapt to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception are:

    <p>general senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The retina:

    <p>contain rods and cones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vitreous humor is a fluid that:

    <p>gently presses the retina against the choroid to maintain retinal nourishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of diminished blood flow to the choroid?

    <p>The retina dies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conjunctiva:

    <p>is a membrane that lines the eyelids and anterior portion of the eyeball.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contraction of the ciliary muscles:

    <p>flattens the lens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The optic chiasm is:

    <p>part of the visual pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not associated with the middle ear?

    <p>is the home of the organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organ of Corti:

    <p>are mechanoreceptors located in the cochlea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vestibular nerve:

    <p>carries sensory information about equilibrium from the inner ear to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory information regarding touch, pressure, and pain is:

    <p>carried by the spinothalamic tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is least true of the hypothalamus?

    <p>synthesizes ADH and oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary gland

    <p>releases ADH and oxytocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are:

    <p>secreted by the adenohypophysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortisol:

    <p>is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal medulla:

    <p>secretes catecholamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone:

    <p>is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas:

    <p>secretes both insulin and glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?

    <p>lowers blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As plasma levels of calcium decrease:

    <p>PTH is secreted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcitonin:

    <p>lowers plasma calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T3 and T4:

    <p>regulate basal metabolic rate (BMR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suppresses the secretion of ACTH?

    <p>elevated plasma cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine:

    <p>raise blood glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is least descriptive of prolactin?

    <p>causes the milk let-down reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T3 and T4:

    <p>contain iodine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epinephrine and norepinephrine: ( select all that apply)

    <p>are secreted by the adrenal medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex”?

    <p>cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency of dietary iodine:

    <p>impairs the synthesis of T3 and T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a function of insulin?

    <p>hepatic gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T3, T4, and calcitonin:

    <p>are thyroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen and progesterone are:

    <p>secreted by the ovaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency of ADH is most likely to

    <p>induce polyuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoclastic activity:

    <p>elevates plasma calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete this sequence: releasing hormone → ACTH →

    <p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is most likely to expand blood volume?

    <p>aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucocorticoids have an unfavorable impact on ___________ metabolism, thereby reducing muscle mass, weakening bones, and causing a thinning of the skin.

    <p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the hepatic conversion of protein-breakdown products into glucose?

    <p>gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin is released primarily in response to:

    <p>increased blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match hormone to glands that secrete them. Ex Adrenal medulla- Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

    <p>Anterior Pituitary = Growth hormone, ACTH, FSH, prolactin, LH Posterior Pituitary = Antidiuretic hormone ADH, Oxytocin T4 and T3 = Thyroid Aldosterone, cortisol, gonadocorticoids = Adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensory Perception

    • Sensations of light touch are detected by mechanoreceptors in the skin.
    • After reaching the thalamus, sensory information is sent to the primary somatosensory cortex for processing.
    • Referred pain occurs when the brain misinterprets signals from internal organs as surface pain, often experienced in unrelated areas.

    Taste and Smell

    • The sense most closely related to taste is smell.
    • Tastebuds containing chemoreceptors are located within papillae on the tongue.
    • Olfactory signals first reach the olfactory bulb after receptor activation.

    Ear Anatomy

    • The cranial nerve primarily related to the ear is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
    • The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external ear from the middle ear.

    Inner Ear Functions

    • Endolymph is located in the cochlea and semicircular canals of the inner ear.
    • Semicircular canals are involved in equilibrium and detecting rotational movement.
    • In the semicircular canals, endolymph moves the cupula to detect head turns.

    Eye Anatomy and Function

    • The utricle contains sensory hair cells responsible for static equilibrium.
    • The sclera is the white portion of the eye.
    • Tears flow from the lacrimal glands to the conjunctiva, then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.
    • Light entering the eye passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before reaching the retina.
    • Increased convexity of a surface enhances the refraction of light.

    Vision Adjustments

    • Accommodation for near vision does not require tension in the suspensory ligaments.
    • The optic chiasma is where optic nerve fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain.

    Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems

    • Differences between the nervous and endocrine systems include modes of communication and speed of response.
    • The pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland are critical but not every brain structure is an endocrine gland.
    • Hormonal specificity is due to target tissues having specific receptors for certain hormones.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • Hormones that regulate blood sugar include insulin and glucagon, which work antagonistically.
    • The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine in response to stress.
    • Blood from the hypothalamus reaches the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system.

    Pituitary Gland Hormones

    • LH and FSH are gonadotropins involved in reproductive functions.
    • Prolactin is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production.
    • Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 require iodine for synthesis.

    Hormone Actions and Effects

    • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.
    • Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, affect glucose metabolism and immune response.
    • Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by promoting uptake into cells.

    Physiological Responses

    • Decreased plasma calcium levels stimulate the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
    • Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
    • Elevated stress leads to increased secretion of epinephrine and cortisol.

    Other Key Points

    • Prolactin influences lactation but has other less emphasized roles.
    • Excessively low dietary iodine leads to thyroid dysfunction.
    • Estrogen and progesterone are vital for reproductive health and menstrual regulation.

    Final Notes

    • ADH deficiency can lead to diabetes insipidus.
    • Glucocorticoids can negatively impact protein metabolism, leading to muscle and bone loss.
    • Conversion of protein breakdown products into glucose takes place in the liver through gluconeogenesis.

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    Description

    This quiz is based on human senses and focuses on the receptors that pick up sensations of light touch. Test your knowledge and identify the correct answer.

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