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Questions and Answers
Which of the following picks up sensations of light touch?
Which of the following picks up sensations of light touch?
- Pacini corpuscles
- Ruffini corpuscles
- Meissner corpuscles (correct)
- Dermal corpuscles
Where is sensory information sent following reaching the thalamus?
Where is sensory information sent following reaching the thalamus?
- Cerebral cortex (correct)
- Cerebellar medulla
- Corpus callosum
- Basal nuclei
Which of the following describes the basis for referred pain (e.g. the pain of a heart attack radiates to the left shoulder and arm)?
Which of the following describes the basis for referred pain (e.g. the pain of a heart attack radiates to the left shoulder and arm)?
- Myocardial enzymes from the injured heart muscle diffuse into the shoulder region.
- The same blood vessels that supply the myocardium also supply the shoulder and arm.
- The same nerves that carry sensory information from the heart also carry sensory information from the shoulder. (correct)
- Nociceptors are found only in the axillary region.
The sense most closely related to taste is:
The sense most closely related to taste is:
"Tastebuds" that contain clusters of chemoreceptors are found within:
"Tastebuds" that contain clusters of chemoreceptors are found within:
After a smell triggers a olfactory receptor, the signal is passed first to:
After a smell triggers a olfactory receptor, the signal is passed first to:
The cranial nerve most related to the ear is:
The cranial nerve most related to the ear is:
What separates the external ear from the middle ear?
What separates the external ear from the middle ear?
Endolymph is located where?
Endolymph is located where?
The semicircular canals are involved in:
The semicircular canals are involved in:
Endolymph in the semicircular canals moves what when you turn your head?
Endolymph in the semicircular canals moves what when you turn your head?
What is located in the utricle and is responsible for static equilibrium?
What is located in the utricle and is responsible for static equilibrium?
Which of the following is the white portion of the eye?
Which of the following is the white portion of the eye?
What us the correct order of the flow of tears?
What us the correct order of the flow of tears?
Which of the following is the correct order of light entering the eye?
Which of the following is the correct order of light entering the eye?
In regards to refraction, the more convex the light-bending surface, the:
In regards to refraction, the more convex the light-bending surface, the:
Which of the following is not required for accommodation for near vision?
Which of the following is not required for accommodation for near vision?
What happens at the optic chiasma?
What happens at the optic chiasma?
All of the following are differences between the nervous system and endocrine system except:
All of the following are differences between the nervous system and endocrine system except:
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland in the brain?
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland in the brain?
Target tissues react to specific hormones due to:
Target tissues react to specific hormones due to:
Which of the following does not play a primary role in hormone regulation?
Which of the following does not play a primary role in hormone regulation?
What directly regulates the secretions from the anterior pituitary?
What directly regulates the secretions from the anterior pituitary?
The adrenal medulla produces:
The adrenal medulla produces:
What carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland?
What carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland?
LH and FSH are called:
LH and FSH are called:
Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary?
Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary?
Which of the following is necessary for producing T3 and T4?
Which of the following is necessary for producing T3 and T4?
Which of the following is not an action of glucocorticoids?
Which of the following is not an action of glucocorticoids?
Which statement is true about ADH?
Which statement is true about ADH?
What characteristic is shared by both insulin and glucagon?
What characteristic is shared by both insulin and glucagon?
Which of the following relates to gluconeogenesis?
Which of the following relates to gluconeogenesis?
What are a unique group of lipids that act as "local hormones"?
What are a unique group of lipids that act as "local hormones"?
You place your hand in warm water and within 30 seconds the water feels cooler.
Which of the following explains this experience?
You place your hand in warm water and within 30 seconds the water feels cooler. Which of the following explains this experience?
Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception are:
Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception are:
The retina:
The retina:
The vitreous humor is a fluid that:
The vitreous humor is a fluid that:
What is the consequence of diminished blood flow to the choroid?
What is the consequence of diminished blood flow to the choroid?
The conjunctiva:
The conjunctiva:
Contraction of the ciliary muscles:
Contraction of the ciliary muscles:
The optic chiasm is:
The optic chiasm is:
Which is not associated with the middle ear?
Which is not associated with the middle ear?
The organ of Corti:
The organ of Corti:
The vestibular nerve:
The vestibular nerve:
Sensory information regarding touch, pressure, and pain is:
Sensory information regarding touch, pressure, and pain is:
Which is least true of the hypothalamus?
Which is least true of the hypothalamus?
The posterior pituitary gland
The posterior pituitary gland
ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are:
ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are:
Cortisol:
Cortisol:
The adrenal medulla:
The adrenal medulla:
Aldosterone:
Aldosterone:
The pancreas:
The pancreas:
Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?
Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?
As plasma levels of calcium decrease:
As plasma levels of calcium decrease:
Calcitonin:
Calcitonin:
T3 and T4:
T3 and T4:
What suppresses the secretion of ACTH?
What suppresses the secretion of ACTH?
Growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine:
Growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine:
Which is least descriptive of prolactin?
Which is least descriptive of prolactin?
T3 and T4:
T3 and T4:
Epinephrine and norepinephrine: ( select all that apply)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine: ( select all that apply)
Which is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex”?
Which is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex”?
A deficiency of dietary iodine:
A deficiency of dietary iodine:
Which is not a function of insulin?
Which is not a function of insulin?
T3, T4, and calcitonin:
T3, T4, and calcitonin:
Estrogen and progesterone are:
Estrogen and progesterone are:
A deficiency of ADH is most likely to
A deficiency of ADH is most likely to
Osteoclastic activity:
Osteoclastic activity:
Complete this sequence: releasing hormone → ACTH →
Complete this sequence: releasing hormone → ACTH →
Which is most likely to expand blood volume?
Which is most likely to expand blood volume?
Glucocorticoids have an unfavorable impact on ___________ metabolism,
thereby reducing muscle mass, weakening bones, and causing a thinning of the
skin.
Glucocorticoids have an unfavorable impact on ___________ metabolism, thereby reducing muscle mass, weakening bones, and causing a thinning of the skin.
Which best describes the hepatic conversion of protein-breakdown products into
glucose?
Which best describes the hepatic conversion of protein-breakdown products into glucose?
Insulin is released primarily in response to:
Insulin is released primarily in response to:
Match hormone to glands that secrete them. Ex Adrenal medulla- Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Match hormone to glands that secrete them. Ex Adrenal medulla- Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
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Study Notes
Sensory Perception
- Sensations of light touch are detected by mechanoreceptors in the skin.
- After reaching the thalamus, sensory information is sent to the primary somatosensory cortex for processing.
- Referred pain occurs when the brain misinterprets signals from internal organs as surface pain, often experienced in unrelated areas.
Taste and Smell
- The sense most closely related to taste is smell.
- Tastebuds containing chemoreceptors are located within papillae on the tongue.
- Olfactory signals first reach the olfactory bulb after receptor activation.
Ear Anatomy
- The cranial nerve primarily related to the ear is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
- The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external ear from the middle ear.
Inner Ear Functions
- Endolymph is located in the cochlea and semicircular canals of the inner ear.
- Semicircular canals are involved in equilibrium and detecting rotational movement.
- In the semicircular canals, endolymph moves the cupula to detect head turns.
Eye Anatomy and Function
- The utricle contains sensory hair cells responsible for static equilibrium.
- The sclera is the white portion of the eye.
- Tears flow from the lacrimal glands to the conjunctiva, then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.
- Light entering the eye passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before reaching the retina.
- Increased convexity of a surface enhances the refraction of light.
Vision Adjustments
- Accommodation for near vision does not require tension in the suspensory ligaments.
- The optic chiasma is where optic nerve fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain.
Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems
- Differences between the nervous and endocrine systems include modes of communication and speed of response.
- The pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland are critical but not every brain structure is an endocrine gland.
- Hormonal specificity is due to target tissues having specific receptors for certain hormones.
Hormonal Regulation
- Hormones that regulate blood sugar include insulin and glucagon, which work antagonistically.
- The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine in response to stress.
- Blood from the hypothalamus reaches the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system.
Pituitary Gland Hormones
- LH and FSH are gonadotropins involved in reproductive functions.
- Prolactin is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production.
- Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 require iodine for synthesis.
Hormone Actions and Effects
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone) promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.
- Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, affect glucose metabolism and immune response.
- Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by promoting uptake into cells.
Physiological Responses
- Decreased plasma calcium levels stimulate the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
- Elevated stress leads to increased secretion of epinephrine and cortisol.
Other Key Points
- Prolactin influences lactation but has other less emphasized roles.
- Excessively low dietary iodine leads to thyroid dysfunction.
- Estrogen and progesterone are vital for reproductive health and menstrual regulation.
Final Notes
- ADH deficiency can lead to diabetes insipidus.
- Glucocorticoids can negatively impact protein metabolism, leading to muscle and bone loss.
- Conversion of protein breakdown products into glucose takes place in the liver through gluconeogenesis.
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