Sense organs and endocrine system ( online portion)

Questions and Answers

Which of the following picks up sensations of light touch?

Meissner corpuscles

Where is sensory information sent following reaching the thalamus?

Cerebral cortex

Which of the following describes the basis for referred pain (e.g. the pain of a heart attack radiates to the left shoulder and arm)?

The same nerves that carry sensory information from the heart also carry sensory information from the shoulder.

The sense most closely related to taste is:

Smell Signup and view all the answers

"Tastebuds" that contain clusters of chemoreceptors are found within:

Papillae Signup and view all the answers

After a smell triggers a olfactory receptor, the signal is passed first to:

olfactory bulb. Signup and view all the answers

The cranial nerve most related to the ear is:

vesibulocochlear. Signup and view all the answers

What separates the external ear from the middle ear?

Tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Endolymph is located where?

In the membranous labyrinth Signup and view all the answers

The semicircular canals are involved in:

balance during movement. Signup and view all the answers

Endolymph in the semicircular canals moves what when you turn your head?

Cupula Signup and view all the answers

What is located in the utricle and is responsible for static equilibrium?

Otoliths Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the white portion of the eye?

Sclera Signup and view all the answers

What us the correct order of the flow of tears?

lacrimal gland - canaliculi - lacrimal sac - nasolacrimal duct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of light entering the eye?

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous humor - retina Signup and view all the answers

In regards to refraction, the more convex the light-bending surface, the:

more the light will be bent. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not required for accommodation for near vision?

Increased curvature of the cornea Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the optic chiasma?

Fibers of the optic nerve of each eye cross and project to opposite sides of the brain. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are differences between the nervous system and endocrine system except:

influence cellular activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland in the brain?

Thymus gland Signup and view all the answers

Target tissues react to specific hormones due to:

interaction with specific receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not play a primary role in hormone regulation?

positive feedback Signup and view all the answers

What directly regulates the secretions from the anterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal medulla produces:

catecholamines. Signup and view all the answers

What carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland?

hypophyseal portal system Signup and view all the answers

LH and FSH are called:

gonadotropins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is necessary for producing T3 and T4?

Iodine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an action of glucocorticoids?

Decrease blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about ADH?

It helps to regulate blood volume. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by both insulin and glucagon?

are secreted by the pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following relates to gluconeogenesis?

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Signup and view all the answers

What are a unique group of lipids that act as "local hormones"?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

You place your hand in warm water and within 30 seconds the water feels cooler. Which of the following explains this experience?

The thermoreceptors adapt to stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception are:

general senses. Signup and view all the answers

The retina:

contain rods and cones. Signup and view all the answers

The vitreous humor is a fluid that:

gently presses the retina against the choroid to maintain retinal nourishment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of diminished blood flow to the choroid?

The retina dies. Signup and view all the answers

The conjunctiva:

is a membrane that lines the eyelids and anterior portion of the eyeball. Signup and view all the answers

Contraction of the ciliary muscles:

flattens the lens. Signup and view all the answers

The optic chiasm is:

part of the visual pathway. Signup and view all the answers

Which is not associated with the middle ear?

is the home of the organ of Corti Signup and view all the answers

The organ of Corti:

are mechanoreceptors located in the cochlea. Signup and view all the answers

The vestibular nerve:

carries sensory information about equilibrium from the inner ear to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

Sensory information regarding touch, pressure, and pain is:

carried by the spinothalamic tract. Signup and view all the answers

Which is least true of the hypothalamus?

synthesizes ADH and oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

The posterior pituitary gland

releases ADH and oxytocin. Signup and view all the answers

ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are:

secreted by the adenohypophysis. Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol:

is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH. Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal medulla:

secretes catecholamines. Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone:

is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas:

secretes both insulin and glucagon. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?

lowers blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

As plasma levels of calcium decrease:

PTH is secreted. Signup and view all the answers

Calcitonin:

lowers plasma calcium Signup and view all the answers

T3 and T4:

regulate basal metabolic rate (BMR). Signup and view all the answers

What suppresses the secretion of ACTH?

elevated plasma cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine:

raise blood glucose. Signup and view all the answers

Which is least descriptive of prolactin?

causes the milk let-down reflex Signup and view all the answers

T3 and T4:

contain iodine. Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine and norepinephrine: ( select all that apply)

are secreted by the adrenal medulla. Signup and view all the answers

Which is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex”?

cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency of dietary iodine:

impairs the synthesis of T3 and T4. Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a function of insulin?

hepatic gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

T3, T4, and calcitonin:

are thyroid hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Estrogen and progesterone are:

secreted by the ovaries. Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency of ADH is most likely to

induce polyuria. Signup and view all the answers

Osteoclastic activity:

elevates plasma calcium. Signup and view all the answers

Complete this sequence: releasing hormone → ACTH →

cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Which is most likely to expand blood volume?

aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Glucocorticoids have an unfavorable impact on ___________ metabolism, thereby reducing muscle mass, weakening bones, and causing a thinning of the skin.

protein Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the hepatic conversion of protein-breakdown products into glucose?

gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is released primarily in response to:

increased blood sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Match hormone to glands that secrete them. Ex Adrenal medulla- Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Anterior Pituitary = Growth hormone, ACTH, FSH, prolactin, LH Posterior Pituitary = Antidiuretic hormone ADH, Oxytocin T4 and T3 = Thyroid Aldosterone, cortisol, gonadocorticoids = Adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sensory Perception

Sensations of light touch are detected by mechanoreceptors in the skin.
After reaching the thalamus, sensory information is sent to the primary somatosensory cortex for processing.
Referred pain occurs when the brain misinterprets signals from internal organs as surface pain, often experienced in unrelated areas.

Taste and Smell

The sense most closely related to taste is smell.
Tastebuds containing chemoreceptors are located within papillae on the tongue.
Olfactory signals first reach the olfactory bulb after receptor activation.

Ear Anatomy

The cranial nerve primarily related to the ear is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external ear from the middle ear.

Inner Ear Functions

Endolymph is located in the cochlea and semicircular canals of the inner ear.
Semicircular canals are involved in equilibrium and detecting rotational movement.
In the semicircular canals, endolymph moves the cupula to detect head turns.

Eye Anatomy and Function

The utricle contains sensory hair cells responsible for static equilibrium.
The sclera is the white portion of the eye.
Tears flow from the lacrimal glands to the conjunctiva, then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.
Light entering the eye passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before reaching the retina.
Increased convexity of a surface enhances the refraction of light.

Vision Adjustments

Accommodation for near vision does not require tension in the suspensory ligaments.
The optic chiasma is where optic nerve fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain.

Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems

Differences between the nervous and endocrine systems include modes of communication and speed of response.
The pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland are critical but not every brain structure is an endocrine gland.
Hormonal specificity is due to target tissues having specific receptors for certain hormones.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones that regulate blood sugar include insulin and glucagon, which work antagonistically.
The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Blood from the hypothalamus reaches the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system.

Pituitary Gland Hormones

LH and FSH are gonadotropins involved in reproductive functions.
Prolactin is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production.
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 require iodine for synthesis.

Hormone Actions and Effects

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, affect glucose metabolism and immune response.
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by promoting uptake into cells.

Physiological Responses

Decreased plasma calcium levels stimulate the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Elevated stress leads to increased secretion of epinephrine and cortisol.

Other Key Points

Prolactin influences lactation but has other less emphasized roles.
Excessively low dietary iodine leads to thyroid dysfunction.
Estrogen and progesterone are vital for reproductive health and menstrual regulation.

Final Notes

ADH deficiency can lead to diabetes insipidus.
Glucocorticoids can negatively impact protein metabolism, leading to muscle and bone loss.
Conversion of protein breakdown products into glucose takes place in the liver through gluconeogenesis.

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Description

This quiz is based on human senses and focuses on the receptors that pick up sensations of light touch. Test your knowledge and identify the correct answer.