Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

• Psychological bases include the study of human behavior in educational situations, focusing on learning processes to be more efficient and effective.

Piaget's Cognitive Development

• This theory explores the thought processes used to understand and interact with the environment.
• Cognitive development is a progressive reorganization of mental processes due to biological maturation and environmental experience.
• The goal is to explain the mechanism and processes by which infants and children develop reasoning and thinking skills.
• The theory suggests four stages of intellectual development:
  • Sensorimotor Stage: From birth to two years old, a child's knowledge is limited to their senses with infants living in the present.
  • Preoperational Stage: From two to six years old, a child learns through language with mental manipulation of information yet to occur.
  • Concrete Operational Stage: From 7 to 11 years old, a child starts thinking logically with a better understanding of mental operations.
  • Formal Operational Stage: From 12 years old to adulthood, a person gains the ability to think in abstract concepts.

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory

• Observational modeling plays a primary role in how and why people learn by imitating family members, famous people, and even TV characters.
• By observing others, an understanding of how new behaviors are performed takes form
• Coded information then serves as a guide for action
• Key Principles:
  • Attention ensures the quality of learning.
  • Retention ensures behavior can be imitated.
  • Reproduction ensures task can be performed.
  • Motivation ensures educators believe in their students' abilities
• Social learning theory encourages and teaches desirable behaviors in the classroom through positive reinforcement and rewards

Lev Vygotsky's Scaffolding

• Vygotsky's scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) can help students quickly learn much more information
• Instructional scaffolding focuses on teacher practices and the support of support structures to help learners to the next level
• New skills are too difficult for children to master alone, teachers must understand student's needs and current educational levels is essential to provide effective scaffolding and differentiation in the classroom
• Steps for teaching for scaffolding:
  • Activate prior knowledge to bring better understanding
  • Pre-teach vocabulary to help better understand the context
  • Use parts so the information isn't overwhelming
  • Encourage Students and provide good feedback

Jean Lave's Situated Learning

• Situated learning helps students learn by actively participating in learning experiences.
• Jean Lave is a social anthropologist who believes that the learning is a social act and not a cognitive one
• Situated learning environments immerse students in activities using problem-solving skills
• Learning takes place in daily living
• Key Concepts: -Authentic Context: the way knowledge is presented -Legitimate Peripheral Practice: learning is embedded in different contexts. -Community Practice: acquired through collaboration and collaboration.

Philosophical Bases: Inclusivity and Equality

• Everyone has the right to education.
• A disability should not be an excuse for being deprived access.
• Neither should poverty, religion, nor race.
• Inclusion captures the societal ideology of providing equal access to opportunities and resources for those who might be excluded or marginalized.
• Inclusion ensures students with disabilities can learn alongside their non-disabled peers.
• Equality ensures that every student, regardless of their background, has equal access to a high-quality education with equal treatment from teachers and peers