Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
80 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

  • 8-12 months
  • 20-24 months
  • 2-3 years
  • 15-18 months (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

  • More realistic about abilities
  • Shift to internal traits and abilities
  • Overestimation of difficulties
  • Concrete descriptions (correct)

    • What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?

  • Self-concept
  • Perspective taking (correct)
  • Egocentrism
  • Self-awareness

    • According to Erikson, Rogers, and Bandura, what is the first aspect of self-concept?

    <p>Self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children in middle and late childhood describe themselves?

    <p>In terms of internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Real and ideal selves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do children typically recognize their own photograph?

    <p>30 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children who are good at perspective taking?

    <p>They are popular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child in the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>Can see more than one aspect of a problem at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>Underestimated the impact of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

    <p>The range of skills that a child can learn with the help of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of language in Lev Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>Language is the ultimate social tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is scaffolding in the context of cognitive development?

    <p>An instructional technique that provides individualized support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the Formal Operational Stage typically begin?

    <p>12-15 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?

    <p>Jerome Bruner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of human babies that makes them dependent on others for survival?

    <p>Their relatively helpless state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that infants show their attachment to their caregivers?

    <p>Through proximity-seeking behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Phase 1 of Bowlby's attachment formation?

    <p>Infant shows no preference among caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment style?

    <p>They are upset when their mother leaves, but are okay with strangers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment to their caregiver?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?

    <p>They developed normally despite their deprived upbringing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emotional bond that forms between an infant and their caregiver?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal self?

    <p>The kind of person you would like to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the self deals with emotions and self-esteem?

    <p>Emotional Self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy?

    <p>Confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morality?

    <p>The understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>How one's sense of right and wrong changes with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>Universal Ethical Principle Orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognition according to Piaget?

    <p>The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way children interact with their environment in the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Through senses and motor activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development characterized by the ability to think logically and solve problems?

    <p>Operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

    <p>Disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic components of Piaget's cognitive theory?

    <p>Schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development characterized by the inability to understand cause and effect relationships?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the self is concerned with making good decisions?

    <p>Intellectual Self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>How moral judgments change with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kohlberg's Theory, what is the characteristic of Stage 4 of Conventional Morality?

    <p>Respect for authority and doing one's duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for having confidence in one's ability to control their own motivation and behavior?

    <p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Level 3 of Kohlberg's Theory, what is the characteristic of Stage 5?

    <p>Recognizing rules as agreements among people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an ambiguous situation that requires a moral decision?

    <p>Moral dilemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal self, as described in the content?

    <p>The person you would like to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kohlberg's Theory, what is the characteristic of Post-Conventional Morality?

    <p>Making moral judgments based on universal principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>They have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>The role of social and cultural interactions in shaping cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of learning through interactions with others, as proposed by Lev Vygotsky?

    <p>Social constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>They can see more than one aspect of a problem at a time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>It underestimates the impact of culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of others?

    <p>Upper limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of language in Lev Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>It helps children to represent reality and to distance themselves from the present moment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the instructional technique in which a teacher provides individualized support to help a learner reach the next level of skill?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the pre-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg?

    <p>20 to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason human babies are dependent on others for survival?

    <p>Because they are relatively helpless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the primary emotional bond that forms between an infant and their caregiver?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of Bowlby's attachment formation does the infant display separation anxiety and stranger anxiety?

    <p>Phase 3: Specific, clear-cut attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment to their caregiver?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment style?

    <p>They get upset when their mother leaves and are okay with strangers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?

    <p>They developed normal speech by 11 and normal IQ by 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of human babies that makes them dependent on others for survival?

    <p>They are relatively helpless and need others to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?

    <p>To form a mental representation of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of assimilation in Piaget's cognitive theory?

    <p>Addition of new experience to an existing cognitive structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Pre-logical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

    <p>Disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between self-concept in early childhood and middle and late childhood?

    <p>Shift from physical descriptions to internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way children interact with their environment in the Sensorimotor Stage?

    <p>Through senses and motor activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recognizing oneself in a mirror in terms of self-awareness?

    <p>It indicates a basic sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective, which develops in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic components of Piaget's cognitive theory?

    <p>Schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

    <p>Concrete and physical descriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Shift to internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between self-concept and self-awareness?

    <p>Self-concept is a component of self-awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recognizing one's own photograph in terms of self-awareness?

    <p>It is a milestone in self-awareness development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of self-concept in terms of traits and abilities?

    <p>Recognition of strengths and weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognition

    • Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
    • Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components: schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.

    Piaget's Cognitive Theory

    • Schemas: the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation.
    • Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another.
    • Stages of development: equilibrium and disequilibrium, with adaptation processes enabling the transition from one stage to another.

    Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

    • Equilibrium: existing schemas can explain what has been perceived.
    • Disequilibrium: happens when there's an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned.

    Assimilation and Accommodation

    • Assimilation: process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure.
    • Accommodation: process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema.

    Egocentrism

    • Egocentrism: the inability to take another person's perspective.

    Stages of Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): explore the world through senses and motor activity.
    • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): rapidly developing language and communication, difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality.
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): develop abstract reasoning ability, understand conservation of matter, and see more than one aspect of a problem at a time.
    • Formal Operations (12-15 years): develop adult thinking, able to think about hypothetical situations, form and test hypotheses, and organize information.

    Criticisms of Piaget

    • Tasks were methodologically flawed.
    • Underestimated the impact of culture.

    Lev Vygotsky

    • Social constructivist theory of cognitive development: highlights the role of social and cultural interactions.

    Importance of Language

    • Language: learning happens through interactions with others, allows us to represent reality and distance the individual from the present moment.

    Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

    • Lower limit: child working independently.
    • Upper limit: the level of potential skill that the child can reach with the assistance.

    Scaffolding

    • Instructional technique: provides individualized support by gradually improving a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge.

    Self

    • Self: all the characteristics of the person.
    • Self-concept: perception about oneself.
    • Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan.

    Self in Early Childhood

    • Confusion of self, mind, and body.
    • Concrete descriptions.
    • Physical descriptions.
    • Behavior/activities – what they do.
    • Overestimation of abilities.

    Self in Middle and Late Childhood

    • Shift to internal traits and abilities.
    • Social role descriptions.
    • Real and ideal selves.
    • More realistic about abilities.

    Perspective Taking

    • Opposite of egocentrism: the ability to assume another's perspective.
    • Development progresses through stages (Selman).

    Self-Concept

    • Self-worth.
    • Ideal self: the kind of person you would like to be.
    • Self-efficacy: confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

    Morality

    • Morality: our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior.
    • Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision.

    Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

    • Describes how one's sense of right and wrong changes with age.
    • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stages 1 and 2).
    • Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stages 3 and 4).
    • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stages 5 and 6).

    Attachment

    • Attachment: the first social relationship, a strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
    • Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors.

    Bowlby's Phases of Attachment Formation

    • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months).
    • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months).
    • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months).
    • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months).

    Types of Attachment

    • Type A: didn't care when the mother left.
    • Type B: upset when the mother left, but okay with the stranger.
    • Type C: scared without the mother near them.
    • Type D: random.

    Deprivation and Separation

    • Deprivation: refers to the break in an infant's attachment.
    • Separation: refers to when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver.
    • Separation leads to deprivation.

    Cognition and Cognitive Development

    • Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
    • Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the most widely known, and he referred to children as "scientists" who test and explore hypotheses about the world.

    Piaget's Cognitive Theory

    • The three basic components of Piaget's cognitive theory are:
      • Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
      • Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
      • Stages of development: equilibirum vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
    • Egocentrism: the inability to take another person's perspective

    Piaget's Stages of Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): explore the world through senses and motor activity
    • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): rapidly developing language and communication, but difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): abstract reasoning ability, understanding conservation of matter, and ability to generalize from the concrete
    • Formal Operations (12-15 years): adult thinking, able to think about hypothetical situations, form and test hypotheses, and organize information

    Criticisms of Piaget

    • Tasks were methodologically flawed
    • Underestimated the impact of culture

    Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory

    • Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
    • Importance of language: learning happens through interactions with others, allows us to represent reality, and communicate with each other
    • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the range of knowledge that a child can learn with the assistance of a teacher or peer
    • Scaffolding: an instructional technique in which a teacher provides individualized support to gradually improve a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge

    Self-Concept and Self-Understanding

    • Self-concept: perception about oneself, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
    • Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan
    • Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months, and by 30 months, almost all children recognize their own photograph
    • Self-concept in early childhood: confusion of self, mind, and body, concrete descriptions, physical descriptions, behavior/activities, and overestimation of abilities
    • Self-concept in middle and late childhood: shift to internal traits and abilities, social role descriptions, real and ideal selves, and more realistic about abilities

    Morality and Moral Development

    • Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
    • Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
    • Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: describes how one's sense of right and wrong changes with age, and how we develop a sense of justice
    • Levels of moral development:
      • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (stages 1-2)
      • Level 2: Conventional Morality (stages 3-4)
      • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (stages 5-6)

    Attachment

    • Attachment: the first social relationship, a strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
    • Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
    • Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
      • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
      • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
      • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
      • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
    • Types of attachment: Type A, Type B, Type C, and Type D

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Early Final Exam PDF

    Description

    Learn about the theory of cognitive development by Piaget, including schemas and how children learn through experience and exploration.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser