Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the general formula that represents carbohydrates?
What is the general formula that represents carbohydrates?
Which type of carbohydrate is characterized by containing only one type of monosaccharide unit?
Which type of carbohydrate is characterized by containing only one type of monosaccharide unit?
Which of the following is not a product of carbohydrate metabolism?
Which of the following is not a product of carbohydrate metabolism?
Which type of disaccharide is classified as a reducing disaccharide?
Which type of disaccharide is classified as a reducing disaccharide?
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What is a key role of carbohydrates in pharmaceuticals?
What is a key role of carbohydrates in pharmaceuticals?
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What process describes the interconversion between α and β forms of sugar in solution?
What process describes the interconversion between α and β forms of sugar in solution?
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Which form of glucose is referred to as glucopyranose?
Which form of glucose is referred to as glucopyranose?
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What is a primary use of glucose in a medical context?
What is a primary use of glucose in a medical context?
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Which sugar is known for having a low glycemic index and is primarily used in diabetic food?
Which sugar is known for having a low glycemic index and is primarily used in diabetic food?
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In what forms can glucose be administered medically?
In what forms can glucose be administered medically?
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Which of the following statements about glucosamine is true?
Which of the following statements about glucosamine is true?
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What role does fructose play in infant feeding formulas?
What role does fructose play in infant feeding formulas?
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What is the configuration of the highest numbered asymmetric carbon in D-glucose?
What is the configuration of the highest numbered asymmetric carbon in D-glucose?
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What is the role of xylitol in dental health?
What is the role of xylitol in dental health?
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Which condition is calcium gluconate therapy NOT indicated for?
Which condition is calcium gluconate therapy NOT indicated for?
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What is the primary use of ferrous gluconate?
What is the primary use of ferrous gluconate?
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What is glucuronic acid primarily used for?
What is glucuronic acid primarily used for?
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What describes the preparation of calcium gluconate?
What describes the preparation of calcium gluconate?
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Which statement is false regarding lactose?
Which statement is false regarding lactose?
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What enzyme action is involved in the preparation of glucuronic acid?
What enzyme action is involved in the preparation of glucuronic acid?
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Which of the following is NOT a common application of calcium gluconate?
Which of the following is NOT a common application of calcium gluconate?
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What is the primary marketed use of oral glucosamine?
What is the primary marketed use of oral glucosamine?
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Which glucose derivative is administered intramuscularly for rheumatic arthritis?
Which glucose derivative is administered intramuscularly for rheumatic arthritis?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of mannitol?
Which of the following is NOT a use of mannitol?
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How is xylitol produced?
How is xylitol produced?
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What makes xylitol a 'tooth-friendly' sugar alcohol?
What makes xylitol a 'tooth-friendly' sugar alcohol?
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Which of the following is a synthetic glucose derivative used for rheumatic arthritis?
Which of the following is a synthetic glucose derivative used for rheumatic arthritis?
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Which characteristic of mannitol makes it effective as an osmotic diuretic?
Which characteristic of mannitol makes it effective as an osmotic diuretic?
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Which statement about mannitol hexanitrate is true?
Which statement about mannitol hexanitrate is true?
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What is a primary use of lactulose?
What is a primary use of lactulose?
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How does lactulose help in decreasing blood ammonia levels?
How does lactulose help in decreasing blood ammonia levels?
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What is the structural composition of sucrose?
What is the structural composition of sucrose?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of sucralfate?
Which of the following is NOT a use of sucralfate?
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What is the most frequent adverse effect of sucralfate?
What is the most frequent adverse effect of sucralfate?
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Which statement about lactulose is true?
Which statement about lactulose is true?
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What is a critical preparation method for lactulose?
What is a critical preparation method for lactulose?
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What mechanism does sucralfate use to aid in healing gastric ulcers?
What mechanism does sucralfate use to aid in healing gastric ulcers?
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Study Notes
Phytochemistry, PPC303
- Carbohydrates are produced by plants during photosynthesis
- Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the same proportion as water
- Carbohydrates formula is Cx(H₂O)y
- Structurally, carbohydrates can be polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones
- Examples of monosaccharides include D-glucose and D-fructose
- After absorption, metabolism of monosaccharides depends on body requirements, resulting in energy production, storage as glycogen or triglycerides, or conversion to keto acids, amino acids, or proteins
- Carbohydrates are classified by the number of monosaccharide units, including monosaccharides (e.g., pentose, hexoses), disaccharides (reducing, non-reducing), trisaccharides, and polysaccharides (homo-, hetero-)
- Mucopolysaccharides are of animal origin (e.g., chitin, hyaluronic acid, heparin)
- Carbohydrates are found in many pharmaceutical products as therapeutic agents or due to their pharmaceutical importance
- Mutarotation is the interconversion between α and β forms of sugar in solution via an open chain
- Dextrose, glucopyranose, and Grape sugar are examples of aldohexoses
- Carbohydrates are used as a ready source of energy during starvation
- Fructose, also known as levulose, fructofuranose, or fructopyranose is found naturally in fruits and honey
- Fructose is used as a food for diabetics due to its low glycemic index and inclusion in infant formulas
- Glucosamine is naturally present in shellfish, animal bones, and bone marrow, and some fungi (e.g., Aspergillus niger)
- Oral glucosamine is used in the treatment of osteoarthritis
- Aurothioglucose is a semi-synthetic glucose derivative used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
- Auranofin is a synthetic glucose derivative used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
- Sugar alcohols are obtained as reduction products of corresponding sugars. Xylitol, D-mannitol, and Glucitol are examples
- Mannitol is naturally obtained from manna, and also through the catalytic hydrogenation of mannose
- Mannitol is used as an osmotic diuretic and diagnostic agent in kidney function tests
- Mannitol is also used as an excipient in chewable tablets
- Mannitol hexanitrate is used as a coronary vasodilator
- Mannitol-nitrogen mustard is an antineoplastic agent
- Xylitol is found in fibers of many fruits and vegetables (e.g., berries, corn, mushrooms) and is produced via hydrogenation of xylose
- Xylitol is used as a sweetener in chewing gums and pastilles, and also in oral hygiene products
- Xylitol is considered a "tooth-friendly" sugar alcohol due to its ability to bind calcium and remineralize enamel
- Calcium gluconate is the calcium salt of gluconic acid
- Calcium gluconate is prepared via electrolytic oxidation of glucose or bacterial fermentation
- Calcium gluconate is used as a source of soluble, non-toxic, well-tolerated calcium
- Calcium gluconate therapy is indicated for conditions with calcium deficiency (e.g., parathyroid deficiency, tetany, general calcium deficiency)
- Ferrous gluconate is classified as an hematinic and used orally or by injection in iron deficiency anemia
- Glucuronic acid is a naturally occurring component of gums, mucillages, and hemicelluloses
- Glucuronic acid is prepared through enzymatic oxidation of glucose
- Glucuronic acid is used in the relief of certain arthritic conditions
- Lactose is a by-product from whey, the portion of milk left after fat and casein have been removed, and crystallizes out following whey evaporation
- Lactose is used as a diluent in tablets and powders and a nutrient in infant formulas
- Lactulose is a semisynthetic sugar prepared by alkaline rearrangement of lactose
- Lactulose is a treatment for chronic constipation (laxative)
- Lactulose is used to decrease blood ammonia concentration in portal-systemic encephalopathy
- Sucrose is a non-reducing disaccharide found in sugar cane and sugar beet
- Sucrose is used to prepare syrups and as a sweetening agent in pharmaceutical products, and as bacteriostatic and preservative in aqueous solution
- Sucralfate is a basic aluminum salt, used in the treatment of peptic and duodenal ulcers
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to carbohydrates as discussed in Phytochemistry PPC303. It explores their chemical structure, classification, and the role they play in metabolism and pharmaceuticals. Test your knowledge on monosaccharides, disaccharides, and their functions in biological systems.
