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What are the two main types of immunity?
What are the two main types of immunity?
The two main types of immunity are innate and acquired immunity.
What are the two main categories of acquired immunity?
What are the two main categories of acquired immunity?
What are the two main types of leukocytes?
What are the two main types of leukocytes?
The primary function of lymphocytes is to mediate innate immunity.
The primary function of lymphocytes is to mediate innate immunity.
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Macrophages play a role in the innate immune system.
Macrophages play a role in the innate immune system.
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Neutrophils can ingest 3 - 20 bacteria.
Neutrophils can ingest 3 - 20 bacteria.
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Macrophages can ingest up to ~ 100 bacteria.
Macrophages can ingest up to ~ 100 bacteria.
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Macrophages can extrude digestion products but not survive and function for many months.
Macrophages can extrude digestion products but not survive and function for many months.
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Diapedesis is the process of white blood cells squeezing through the endothelial lining of blood vessels to reach the site of infection.
Diapedesis is the process of white blood cells squeezing through the endothelial lining of blood vessels to reach the site of infection.
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Chemotaxis is the attraction of white blood cells to the site of infection using chemical signals.
Chemotaxis is the attraction of white blood cells to the site of infection using chemical signals.
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The Reticuloendothelial System (RES) is a major component of the immune system.
The Reticuloendothelial System (RES) is a major component of the immune system.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the RES?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the RES?
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Inflammation is a protective response to injury or infection.
Inflammation is a protective response to injury or infection.
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Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of inflammation?
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Neutrophils are the first line of defense in inflammation.
Neutrophils are the first line of defense in inflammation.
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Inflammation causes the release of inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL-1.
Inflammation causes the release of inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL-1.
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Neutrophilia is a condition characterized by an increased number of neutrophils in the blood, often associated with inflammation.
Neutrophilia is a condition characterized by an increased number of neutrophils in the blood, often associated with inflammation.
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Macrophages are the dominant inflammatory cell in the later stages of inflammation, playing a crucial role in cleaning up debris and remodeling the tissue.
Macrophages are the dominant inflammatory cell in the later stages of inflammation, playing a crucial role in cleaning up debris and remodeling the tissue.
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The bone marrow plays a role in the body's immune response.
The bone marrow plays a role in the body's immune response.
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What are the growth factors involved in driving the proliferation and differentiation of leukocyte precursors in the bone marrow?
What are the growth factors involved in driving the proliferation and differentiation of leukocyte precursors in the bone marrow?
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Pus is a collection of dead bacteria, neutrophils, macrophages, and necrotic tissue.
Pus is a collection of dead bacteria, neutrophils, macrophages, and necrotic tissue.
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Eosinophils are weak phagocytes and are particularly important in defense against parasites.
Eosinophils are weak phagocytes and are particularly important in defense against parasites.
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Basophils and mast cells release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin.
Basophils and mast cells release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin.
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Leukopenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low white blood cell count.
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low white blood cell count.
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Leukemias are cancers of the bone marrow that result in the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells.
Leukemias are cancers of the bone marrow that result in the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells.
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The main types of leukemias are lymphocytic and myelogenous.
The main types of leukemias are lymphocytic and myelogenous.
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Leukemias can be acute or chronic.
Leukemias can be acute or chronic.
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The complement system is a complex system of proteins that plays a vital role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
The complement system is a complex system of proteins that plays a vital role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
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T helper cells are important for the activation and proliferation of both B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
T helper cells are important for the activation and proliferation of both B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
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MHC proteins are responsible for presenting antigen fragments to T cells.
MHC proteins are responsible for presenting antigen fragments to T cells.
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Immunologic tolerance is a process that prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues.
Immunologic tolerance is a process that prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues.
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A failure of immunologic tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases.
A failure of immunologic tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases.
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Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially fatal allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially fatal allergic reaction.
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Urticaria is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of itchy, red welts.
Urticaria is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of itchy, red welts.
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Study Notes
Physiology Study Notes
- Physiology Overview: This document discusses the body's resistance to infection, focusing on leukocytes (white blood cells), granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and the inflammatory response. It also covers various white blood cell types, and their roles in infection defense. Further, the text explains the life cycle of white blood cells, their development in different parts of the body like bone marrow and lymphoid organs, and their lifespan. Finally, there is a discussion of the methods of killing bacteria and the process of phagocytosis.
Resistance to Infection
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Leukocytes: White blood cells; crucial in defending against infection. There are different types such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, each with specific roles in defending against infection.
- These cells circulate in the bloodstream and can enter tissues when needed.
- They are key in inflammation and phagocytosis.
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Granulocytes: A type of leukocyte, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They are critical in the initial stages of defense against infection..
- Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocyte, arriving at infection sites quickly and engulfing pathogens.
- Eosinophils and basophils play roles in allergic reactions or parasitic infections.
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Monocytes/Macrophages: A type of leukocyte, crucial for engulfing and breaking down pathogens and cellular debris, also play an essential role in the inflammatory process.
- Macrophages, developed from monocytes, are usually at the site of infection for longer periods, compared to neutrophils.
- Inflammation: A complex biological response to harmful stimuli, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. White blood cells play a significant role.
White Blood Cell Types and Counts
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Types: Numerous types of white blood cells (leukocytes) exist, each crucial for different aspects of the body's defense mechanisms.
- Including Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes/Macrophages, and Lymphocytes are all essential components of the immune response.
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Counts: Total white blood cell count (WBC) in a healthy adult is approximately 7,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood.
- The proportions of each type of white blood cell vary.
- Neutrophils compose roughly 62%, while lymphocytes account for about 30%.
- Counts can change based on infection presence or inflammation.
Leukopoiesis
- Leukopoiesis: Production of white blood cells in the bone marrow. Stem cells in the bone marrow are the starting point. The process includes several stages and specific types of cells.
- Myelopoiesis: Formation of myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, etc).
- Lymphopoiesis: Development of lymphoid cells (T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes). This process occurs in lymphoid tissue and is vital to cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.
Phagocytosis
- Mechanism: Phagocytes (like neutrophils and macrophages) ingest and destroy foreign particles.
- Foreign Particle Discrimination: Phagocytes distinguish between foreign invaders and the body's own cells.
- Opsonization: An important part of phagocytosis. Antibodies that bind to the foreign organism increase its likelihood of being engulfed.
White Blood Cell Function
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Neutrophils: Crucial in bacterial infections, arrive rapidly to infection sites.
- Responsible for engulfing pathogens, destroying them, and participate in early inflammatory response.
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Macrophages: Key in tissue inflammation and participate in cleaning up debris and pathogens.
- They phagocytize pathogens and other foreign particles by engulfing and destroying them.
- Monocytes: Precursors of macrophages, contribute significantly to the inflammatory process.
Defense Against Infection - Other Mechanisms
- Other White Cells (Lymphocytes): These cells, including B and T cells, are part of acquired immunity and crucial for targeting specific microorganisms.
Inflammation Response
- Chemical Mediators: A complex cascade initiated by several chemical factors, inducing the inflammatory response (ex. histamine, bradykinin, serotonin etc.).
- Cellular Responses to Chemicals: Chemical mediators in turn stimulate the release of other chemical signals.
- Fluid Leakage: Capillaries become more permeable, allowing fluids and proteins to leak into tissues causing swelling.
Immune Cell Activity & Life Span
- Granulocytes: Short lifespan. The timing depends on infections, but they usually circulate in the blood for a relatively short period (4-8 hours), then move into tissues.
- Macrophages: Long lifespan. They can remain in tissues for months and continue to phagocytize pathogens and clean up debris.
- Lymphocytes: Can survive for extended periods. Their function depends on the presence or absence of a stimulus or infection.
Phagocytosis of particles
- Specialized Macrophages: Macrophages can reside in specific tissues throughout the body. Different tissues have specialized macrophages, including alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells in the liver and macrophages in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
- Mechanisms: These specialized macrophages are crucial for immune responses in their specific tissues. They phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and participate in clearing up the site of inflammation within tissues.
- Immune responses: This ensures that the immune response is targeted toward the sites where they are most needed.
Other Clinical Aspects
- Leukopenia: A low white blood cell count. Reduced white blood cell production can be due to various factors; such as radiation, chemical toxins, and certain medications.
- Leukemias: Uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells due to genetic mutations. Characterized by different types that vary in their clinical aspects.
- Allergic Reactions: The immune system's response to harmless substances, characterized by various symptoms.
- Autoimmune Diseases: When the immune system improperly attacks the body's own tissues. These conditions can result in several problems and symptoms.
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Description
Explore the mechanisms of infection resistance in the human body through this comprehensive study of leukocytes and their roles. Learn about different types of white blood cells, including their lifecycle, development, and functions in inflammation and phagocytosis. This notes summary will enhance your understanding of immunological defenses.
