Questions and Answers
What type of memory is related to storing facts?
Which brain structure is involved in the formation of long-term memories from short-term memories?
What is the result of lesions in the hippocampus?
Which type of memory involves skills and procedures?
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What is the process by which short-term memories are consolidated into long-term memories through repetition?
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Which brain structure is involved in emotional memory?
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What is the result of lesions in the basal forebrain?
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Which type of memory involves storing memories of events?
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What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
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What is the shape of human mitochondrial DNA?
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What is the primary component of chromatin?
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What is the function of importins in the nuclear pore complex?
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What is the function of kinesin in microtubules?
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What is the consequence of mutations in mitochondrial DNA?
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What is the repeating structural unit of chromatin?
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What is the function of dynein in microtubules?
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What is the function of tubulin during cell division?
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Which of the following is NOT a microtubule inhibitor drug?
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What is the function of actin in cell motility?
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Which type of intermediate filament is a marker for epithelial carcinomas?
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What is the function of cell junctions?
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Which type of cell junction is involved in cell-cell adhesion?
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What is the marker for astrocytomas?
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Which type of intermediate filament is a marker for premature aging?
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Study Notes
Thermoregulation
- Vasoconstriction helps conserve heat
Learning and Memory
- Declarative (explicit) memory includes:
- Semantic memory (for facts)
- Episodic memory (for events)
- Non-declarative (implicit) memory includes:
- Skills and procedural memory
- Hippocampus:
- Converts short-term memory to long-term memory through repetition and synaptic strengthening
- Lesions can cause anterograde amnesia (inability to form long-term memories)
- Mammillary bodies:
- Involved in memory (part of Papez circuit)
- Lesions can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis (confabulation)
- Anterior nucleus of thalamus:
- Lesions can cause loss of recent memories
- Basal forebrain (Nucleus basalis of Meynert):
- Responsible for acetylcholine production
- Decreased acetylcholine can lead to Alzheimer's disease
- Amygdala:
- Involved in emotions and memory
- Entorhinal cortex:
- Involved in smell and olfactory memory
Peroxisomes
- Functions:
- Generation and degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by catalase
- Oxidation of fatty acids (long chain, very long chain, and branched chain)
- Peroxisomal disorders:
- Zellweger syndrome
- Refsum disease
Mitochondria
- Derived from maternal inheritance
- Human mitochondrial DNA:
- Circular dsDNA (16,500 base pairs)
- Mutations in mitochondrial DNA:
- Occur at a rate 10 times higher than nuclear DNA
- Affect organs with high metabolic requirements (skeletal muscle, brain, liver, heart)
Nucleus
- Chromosomes are the blueprints for DNA
- Chromatin:
- Composed of DNA and histones
- Has repeating structural units called nucleosomes
- Nuclear pore complex (NPC):
- Allows substances to move in and out of the nucleus
- Proteins involved:
- Exportins: move substances out of the nucleus
- Importins: move substances into the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
- Maintains structural integrity of the cell
- Types:
- Microfilaments
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules:
- Kinesin: forward axonal transport
- Dynein: reverse axonal transport and used by Rabies, Polio, and C. tetani
- Motility of cilia and sperm
- Tubulin: helps in movement of chromosomes during division
- Microtubule inhibitor drugs: Vincristine, Vinblastine, Colchicine
- Microfilaments:
- Exclusive to skeletal muscle
- Actin and myosin
- Function: muscle contraction and cell motility
- Intermediate filaments:
- Act as tumor markers
- Examples:
- Epithelial tissue: keratin
- Liver: keratin (Mallory-Denk bodies)
- Muscle: desmin
- Connective tissue: vimentin
- Astrocytes: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
- Nucleus: lamin
Cell Junctions
- Allow for communication between cells
- Classified as:
- Cell-cell junctions:
- Tight junctions
- Zona adherens
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions
- Cell-cell junctions:
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Description
This quiz covers the physiology of temperature regulation, including vasoconstriction, feedforward control systems, and the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining core temperature.
