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Questions and Answers
What type of memory is related to storing facts?
What type of memory is related to storing facts?
Which brain structure is involved in the formation of long-term memories from short-term memories?
Which brain structure is involved in the formation of long-term memories from short-term memories?
What is the result of lesions in the hippocampus?
What is the result of lesions in the hippocampus?
Which type of memory involves skills and procedures?
Which type of memory involves skills and procedures?
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What is the process by which short-term memories are consolidated into long-term memories through repetition?
What is the process by which short-term memories are consolidated into long-term memories through repetition?
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Which brain structure is involved in emotional memory?
Which brain structure is involved in emotional memory?
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What is the result of lesions in the basal forebrain?
What is the result of lesions in the basal forebrain?
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Which type of memory involves storing memories of events?
Which type of memory involves storing memories of events?
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What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
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What is the shape of human mitochondrial DNA?
What is the shape of human mitochondrial DNA?
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What is the primary component of chromatin?
What is the primary component of chromatin?
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What is the function of importins in the nuclear pore complex?
What is the function of importins in the nuclear pore complex?
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What is the function of kinesin in microtubules?
What is the function of kinesin in microtubules?
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What is the consequence of mutations in mitochondrial DNA?
What is the consequence of mutations in mitochondrial DNA?
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What is the repeating structural unit of chromatin?
What is the repeating structural unit of chromatin?
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What is the function of dynein in microtubules?
What is the function of dynein in microtubules?
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What is the function of tubulin during cell division?
What is the function of tubulin during cell division?
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Which of the following is NOT a microtubule inhibitor drug?
Which of the following is NOT a microtubule inhibitor drug?
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What is the function of actin in cell motility?
What is the function of actin in cell motility?
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Which type of intermediate filament is a marker for epithelial carcinomas?
Which type of intermediate filament is a marker for epithelial carcinomas?
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What is the function of cell junctions?
What is the function of cell junctions?
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Which type of cell junction is involved in cell-cell adhesion?
Which type of cell junction is involved in cell-cell adhesion?
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What is the marker for astrocytomas?
What is the marker for astrocytomas?
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Which type of intermediate filament is a marker for premature aging?
Which type of intermediate filament is a marker for premature aging?
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Study Notes
Thermoregulation
- Vasoconstriction helps conserve heat
Learning and Memory
- Declarative (explicit) memory includes:
- Semantic memory (for facts)
- Episodic memory (for events)
- Non-declarative (implicit) memory includes:
- Skills and procedural memory
- Hippocampus:
- Converts short-term memory to long-term memory through repetition and synaptic strengthening
- Lesions can cause anterograde amnesia (inability to form long-term memories)
- Mammillary bodies:
- Involved in memory (part of Papez circuit)
- Lesions can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis (confabulation)
- Anterior nucleus of thalamus:
- Lesions can cause loss of recent memories
- Basal forebrain (Nucleus basalis of Meynert):
- Responsible for acetylcholine production
- Decreased acetylcholine can lead to Alzheimer's disease
- Amygdala:
- Involved in emotions and memory
- Entorhinal cortex:
- Involved in smell and olfactory memory
Peroxisomes
- Functions:
- Generation and degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by catalase
- Oxidation of fatty acids (long chain, very long chain, and branched chain)
- Peroxisomal disorders:
- Zellweger syndrome
- Refsum disease
Mitochondria
- Derived from maternal inheritance
- Human mitochondrial DNA:
- Circular dsDNA (16,500 base pairs)
- Mutations in mitochondrial DNA:
- Occur at a rate 10 times higher than nuclear DNA
- Affect organs with high metabolic requirements (skeletal muscle, brain, liver, heart)
Nucleus
- Chromosomes are the blueprints for DNA
- Chromatin:
- Composed of DNA and histones
- Has repeating structural units called nucleosomes
- Nuclear pore complex (NPC):
- Allows substances to move in and out of the nucleus
- Proteins involved:
- Exportins: move substances out of the nucleus
- Importins: move substances into the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
- Maintains structural integrity of the cell
- Types:
- Microfilaments
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules:
- Kinesin: forward axonal transport
- Dynein: reverse axonal transport and used by Rabies, Polio, and C. tetani
- Motility of cilia and sperm
- Tubulin: helps in movement of chromosomes during division
- Microtubule inhibitor drugs: Vincristine, Vinblastine, Colchicine
- Microfilaments:
- Exclusive to skeletal muscle
- Actin and myosin
- Function: muscle contraction and cell motility
- Intermediate filaments:
- Act as tumor markers
- Examples:
- Epithelial tissue: keratin
- Liver: keratin (Mallory-Denk bodies)
- Muscle: desmin
- Connective tissue: vimentin
- Astrocytes: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
- Nucleus: lamin
Cell Junctions
- Allow for communication between cells
- Classified as:
- Cell-cell junctions:
- Tight junctions
- Zona adherens
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions
- Cell-cell junctions:
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Description
This quiz covers the physiology of temperature regulation, including vasoconstriction, feedforward control systems, and the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining core temperature.
