Physiology review questions

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) handles sensory and motor functions leading to effector organs.
• Motor function encompasses all parts leading to effector organs.
• The autonomic system is divided into parasympathetic (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) and sympathetic branches.
• The somatic system includes motor neurons and skeletal muscle.

Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors

• Elevated waist circumference: ≥40 inches in men, ≥35 inches in women
• Elevated triglycerides
• Reduced HDL (good) cholesterol
• Elevated blood pressure
• Elevated fasting glucose

Additional Notes

• High intensity exercise can increase infection risk.
• A J-shaped graph illustrates that moderate exercise is beneficial.

Blood Flow Through The Heart

• Deoxygenated blood flows from the lower body (via the inferior vena cava) and upper body (via the superior vena cava) to the interior vena cava.
• Blood then travels through the right atrium to the tricuspid valve (AV valve) and into the right ventricle.
• The blood moves to the pulmonary arteries, where it is oxygenated in the lungs and returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
• Oxygenated blood goes through the right atrium into the bicuspid valve (mitral valve) into the right ventricle where it gets sent out to the body through the aorta.

Androgenic vs. Anabolic Terminology

• Androgenic effects involve the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics.
• Anabolic effects promote increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles.

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia

• Hypertrophy is detectable after about 3 weeks of training.
• Muscle fibers require a stimulus to adapt, unlike other cells that can regenerate.
• Two adaptations needed for hypertrophy: increased increase protein synthesis and myogenic (satellite) cell proliferation.
• Satellite cells are typically inactive until activated by stress, then donate nuclei to muscle fibers to repair and increase proteins.
• Hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of muscle fibers, not the size.

Muscle Actions

• Concentric: Shortening of muscle.
• Eccentric: Lengthening of muscle, encourages muscle growth.
• Static action involves muscle activation without fiber length change
• Isometric: Generation of force (e.g., planks).

Parkinson's and Depression

• In Parkinson's, specific nerve cells gradually die off/break down.
• Exercise has a larger impact on depression than medication over a long time.

Stroke Volume

• Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped with each contraction, affecting resting levels.

Muscle Types

• Skeletal muscle structure is distinct.
• Unlike smooth and cardiac muscles, skeletal muscle actions are voluntary.
• Skeletal muscles are multinucleated and non-branched.

DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness)

• Factors include minute muscle tears or contractile component damage.
• Markers: CK, myoglobin, troponin 1
• Also, osmotic pressure changes (fluid retention), muscle spasms, overstretching/tearing of connective tissue, acute inflammation, and Ca disruption.
• Lactate is NOT a cause of DOMS and is flushed from the system 25-30 minutes post-exercise.

Sarcopenia

• Total muscle CSA decreases by 40% between ages 20 and 60.
• Type II fiber size diminishes with age more significantly than Type I fibers.
• Type II area reductions range from 20-50%, Type I losses range from 1-25%.
• Fast muscle is lost more readily, Resistance training helps to counter this.

Atherosclerosis

• Characterized by plaque buildup in arteries due to cholesterol and lipids, reducing blood flow.
• The first step is endothelial dysfunction.
• Blood releases nitric oxide and dilates vessels.

Fick Equation

• VO2 = Q (cardiac output) x AVO2 difference
• Q (cardiac output) = stroke volume x heart rate
• VO2 difference is oxygen utilization.
• CO is the amount of blood pumped in a minute.

Breathing

• Diaphragm contraction moves downwards during inspiration.
• Mitochondrial density/oxidative capacity is higher in muscles than skeletal muscle (4x).
• Lung expansion decreases intrapulmonic pressure.

Breathing Actions

• Expiration is passive at rest.

Lung Conditions

• Obstructive pulmonary diseases involve blocked airways.
• COPD is linked to smoking.
• Emphysema means the alveoli are damaged.
• Bronchitis involves inflammation of bronchial tubes
• Asthma constricts airways.
• Restrictive pulmonary diseases limit expansion.
• Kyphoscoliosis, neuromuscular issues, pulmonary fibrosis, and marked obesity each affect expansion.

VO2 Max

• It represents maximal oxygen consumption.
• VO2 max occurs when oxygen uptake plateaus with increased intensity.

Valsalva Maneuver

• Increases pressure and reduces blood return to the heart.

Valsalva Maneuver Stages

• During strain (lifting), blood moves to the heart, decreasing blood pressure, heart rate increases, and central pressure decreases.
• During recovery, blood pressure rises higher than heart rate, and central pressure increases.

Body Oxygen Supply Factors

• It depends on 20.93% O2, 79.04% H2, and 0.03% CO2.
• The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg.

Fiber Types

• Type I fibers are slow-twitch, red (high vascularity), for endurance, fatigue resistant with low hypertrophy.
• Type II fibers are fast-twitch, fast in force production, with high turnover rate.

Osteoporosis

• Bones become brittle, with higher risk in females due to menopause and estrogen loss.
• Women can lose 20% of bone mass in 5-7 years post-menopause.
• Hip fractures from osteoporosis are the #1 cause of death in the elderly.

ADHD

• It is malfunctioning of the CNS.
• Stimulants (dopamine and NE) enhance CNS activity.
• Benefits include increased alertness, improved quality of life and academic achievement.
• Side effects reported in 20% of children includes weight loss, insomnia, headaches, and growth retardation.
• 25-30% do not respond to medications.
• Exercise reduces dementia by 32%.
• Health is the state of being free from injury or illness.

Exercise Science

• Biomechanics, sports nutrition, sport & exercise psychology, motor control/development, and exercise physiology are all included.

Research Variables

• An independent variable is manipulated to affect the dependent variable.
• A dependent variable is the response that is measured.

Research Validity

• Validity means closest to original variable.

Types of Research

• Basic Research: Increases knowledge, understanding concepts.
• Applied Research: Systematic investigations finding immediate practical solutions
• Translational Research: Applies basic findings to practices, often in health

Clinical Trials

• Research with human volunteers to enhance medical knowledge.
• Physical activity is purposeful exercise for health benefits.

Review questions related to physiology. Questions cover topics such as the Valsalva maneuver, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen percentage, and VO2 max. Also includes questions about muscle fiber types, sarcopenia, endothelial dysfunction and restrictive pulmonary disease.