Physiology Quiz: Blood Composition and Thermoregulation

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of hemoglobin in regulating the hydrogen ion concentration?

As a component of blood group antigens

As a mediator of blood clotting

As a carrier of oxygen only

As a buffer to maintain acid-base balance (correct)

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

To regulate blood clotting

To carry blood group antigens

To transport carbon dioxide

To defend against invading microorganisms (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a function of eosinophils?

Releasing histamine during hypersensitivity reactions

Participating in blood clotting (correct)

Destroying worms and bacteria

Secreting lethal substances against parasites

What is the role of basophil granules?

To secrete histamine and other substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets?

To regulate blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of carboxyhemoglobin?

To transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?

Maintaining blood osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the interstitial fluid in the body?

To transport materials between cells and blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of plasma in blood composition?

55% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocytes constitutes 60-70% of the total WBC count?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest component of the extracellular fluid?

Blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

Coagulation of blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

Transportation of oxygen from lungs to tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

Maintaining ion concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What is the second largest volume of fluid in the body?

Interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of water in blood plasma?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the system that transports extracellular fluid throughout the body?

Blood Circulatory System Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Temperature Regulation

Water has high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and heat of vaporization, which helps regulate body temperature
Typical heat generation is 3000 kcal/day

Blood Composition

Blood is a suspension of cells in plasma (carrier fluid)
Cells make up 45% of blood, while plasma makes up 55%
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are 5x10^6/mL
White blood cells (leukocytes) are 7x10^3/mL
Platelets (thrombocytes) are 3x10^5/mL

Blood Plasma

Plasma is a straw-colored clear liquid that contains 90% water
7% of plasma is made up of plasma proteins, which are created in the liver and confined to the bloodstream
Plasma proteins include:
- Albumin, which maintains blood osmotic pressure
- Immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that bind to foreign substances called antigens
- Fibrinogen, which is involved in blood clotting
Other substances in plasma include nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, and waste products

Functions of Plasma Proteins

Coagulation of blood
Defense mechanism
Transport mechanism
Maintenance of osmotic pressure
Acid-base balance
Providing viscosity to blood
Providing suspension stability of RBC

Formed Elements of Blood

Red blood cells (RBC)
White blood cells (WBC)
- Granular leukocytes: neutrophils (60-70%), eosinophils (1-4%), and basophils (1%)
- Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes (20-40%) and monocytes (3-10%)
Platelets (special cell fragments)

Functions of RBC

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues
Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and regulates hydrogen ion concentration (acid-base balance)
Carry blood group antigens and Rh factor

Functions of Neutrophils

First line of defense against invading microorganisms
Powerful and effective killer machine with enzymes like protease, elastase, metalloproteinase, and NADPH oxidase
Secrete Platelet Aggregation Factor (PAF) to accelerate platelet aggregation during injury

Functions of Eosinophils

Secrete lethal substances to destroy foreign proteins and parasites
Secrete eosinophil peroxidase, major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophils derived neurotoxin

Functions of Basophils

Release histamine, heparin, hyaluronic acid, and proteases from basophil granules
Histamine causes acute hypersensitivity reactions and vascular changes
Heparin prevents intravascular blood clotting
Hyaluronic acid is necessary for deposition of ground substances in basement membrane
Basophils have IgE receptors, which are involved in hypersensitivity reactions

Functions of Platelets

Blood clotting
Clot retraction
Defense mechanism

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Description

This quiz covers the composition of blood, including the structure and function of plasma and blood cells, as well as thermoregulation in the human body. Topics include heat generation, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.