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Questions and Answers
Which of the following ions is responsible for phase 1 of the action potential of working ventricular cardiomyocytes?
Which of the following ions is responsible for phase 1 of the action potential of working ventricular cardiomyocytes?
Which of the following ions is responsible for phase 1 of the action potential of conduction ventricular cardiomyocytes?
Which of the following ions is responsible for phase 1 of the action potential of conduction ventricular cardiomyocytes?
In relation to muscle contraction, the sarcomere consists of thin filaments of actin and thick filaments of myosin.
In relation to muscle contraction, the sarcomere consists of thin filaments of actin and thick filaments of myosin.
True
In relation to muscle contraction, the energy is used for the "rowing stroke" of the contraction.
In relation to muscle contraction, the energy is used for the "rowing stroke" of the contraction.
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In relation to muscle contraction, at rest, tropomyosin prevents actin-myosin binding.
In relation to muscle contraction, at rest, tropomyosin prevents actin-myosin binding.
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In relation to muscle contraction, the actual length of actin and myosin filaments does not vary during contraction.
In relation to muscle contraction, the actual length of actin and myosin filaments does not vary during contraction.
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Which is the primary function of tropomyosin?
Which is the primary function of tropomyosin?
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During muscle contraction, the energy obtained from the ATP hydrolysis is used to:
During muscle contraction, the energy obtained from the ATP hydrolysis is used to:
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Which of the following circumstances leads to an INCREASE in cardiac output?
Which of the following circumstances leads to an INCREASE in cardiac output?
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You receive a 5-year-old patient with bacterial meningitis in the Pediatric ICU. The patient suffers from septic shock, with a tendency to hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion. Which of the following measures seems LESS appropriate in this patient?
You receive a 5-year-old patient with bacterial meningitis in the Pediatric ICU. The patient suffers from septic shock, with a tendency to hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion. Which of the following measures seems LESS appropriate in this patient?
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All of the following lead to a preload increase, EXCEPT for:
All of the following lead to a preload increase, EXCEPT for:
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In relation to the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is TRUE?
In relation to the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is TRUE?
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The phase of the cardiac cycle indicated by number 1 represents
The phase of the cardiac cycle indicated by number 1 represents
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The "auricular systole" is represented by number:
The "auricular systole" is represented by number:
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The closure of the mitral valve takes place before the closure of the tricuspid valve.
The closure of the mitral valve takes place before the closure of the tricuspid valve.
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The closure of the pulmonary valve is delayed during inspiration.
The closure of the pulmonary valve is delayed during inspiration.
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The closure of the aortic valve is delayed during inspiration.
The closure of the aortic valve is delayed during inspiration.
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Branch blocks can lead to a reverse splitting of heart sounds.
Branch blocks can lead to a reverse splitting of heart sounds.
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Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by renin.
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by renin.
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Angiotensin II induces aldosterone release.
Angiotensin II induces aldosterone release.
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PAN inhibits the release of renin.
PAN inhibits the release of renin.
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Juxtaglomerular cells can detect a decrease in circulating volume, activating renin release.
Juxtaglomerular cells can detect a decrease in circulating volume, activating renin release.
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The increase in discharge rate of aortic and carotid baroreceptors leads to:
The increase in discharge rate of aortic and carotid baroreceptors leads to:
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In conduction cardiomyocytes, unlike working cardiomyocytes, phase 0 of the action potential depends mostly on:
In conduction cardiomyocytes, unlike working cardiomyocytes, phase 0 of the action potential depends mostly on:
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All of the following situations ones can lead to a DECREASE in blood pressure, EXCEPT for:
All of the following situations ones can lead to a DECREASE in blood pressure, EXCEPT for:
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During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that the ventricular pressure is maximal during the ventricular ejection phase.
During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that the ventricular pressure is maximal during the ventricular ejection phase.
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During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that the first cardiac sound corresponds to the closure of the atrioventricular valves.
During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that the first cardiac sound corresponds to the closure of the atrioventricular valves.
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During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that the rapid ventricular filling phase occurs at the beginning of diastole.
During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that the rapid ventricular filling phase occurs at the beginning of diastole.
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During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that during isovolumetric relaxation, the atrial pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure.
During a normal cardiac cycle, it is FALSE that during isovolumetric relaxation, the atrial pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure.
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Which is the main responsible for airway resistance (or non - elastic resistance) during breathing?
Which is the main responsible for airway resistance (or non - elastic resistance) during breathing?
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In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that lungs with increased distensibility have trouble with air intake.
In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that lungs with increased distensibility have trouble with air intake.
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In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that lungs with decreased distensibility have trouble with expiration.
In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that lungs with decreased distensibility have trouble with expiration.
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In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that total lung capacity is determined by lung distensibility.
In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that total lung capacity is determined by lung distensibility.
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In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that in a healthy adult, the residual volume after forced expiration is negligible.
In relation to the pulmonary elastic resistance, it is true that in a healthy adult, the residual volume after forced expiration is negligible.
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A patient with increased lung distensibility probably presents
A patient with increased lung distensibility probably presents
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The concept of " vital capacity " in a conventional spirometry refers to:
The concept of " vital capacity " in a conventional spirometry refers to:
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The definition "volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration (not forced)" refers to:
The definition "volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration (not forced)" refers to:
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The attached image represents a static spirometry. The volume of air indicated by number 1 represents:
The attached image represents a static spirometry. The volume of air indicated by number 1 represents:
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After performing a forced spirometry, one of the most important data in daily clinical practice is the Tiffeneau index. A Tiffeneau index below 70% shows:
After performing a forced spirometry, one of the most important data in daily clinical practice is the Tiffeneau index. A Tiffeneau index below 70% shows:
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Which is the MOST important inspiratory stimulus in people without underlying disorders?
Which is the MOST important inspiratory stimulus in people without underlying disorders?
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The measurement of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) enables the estimation of the functional status of the alveolar-capillary membrane. Which of the following agents leads to a decrease in DLCO, or in other words, to a decrease in the diffusion capacity of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
The measurement of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) enables the estimation of the functional status of the alveolar-capillary membrane. Which of the following agents leads to a decrease in DLCO, or in other words, to a decrease in the diffusion capacity of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
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The pulmonary circulation presents a series of special characteristics that differentiate it from the systemic circulation. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pulmonary circulation?
The pulmonary circulation presents a series of special characteristics that differentiate it from the systemic circulation. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pulmonary circulation?
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The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve presents a sigmoidal shape. This enables that small variations in the partial pressure of oxygen in the middle part of the curve entail large changes in the oxygen saturation. On the other hand, there are also some factors that modify the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, or in other words, that "shift the curve to the right" (lower affinity), or "shift the curve to the left" (higher affinity). Which of the following factors does not shift the dissociation curve to the right?
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve presents a sigmoidal shape. This enables that small variations in the partial pressure of oxygen in the middle part of the curve entail large changes in the oxygen saturation. On the other hand, there are also some factors that modify the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, or in other words, that "shift the curve to the right" (lower affinity), or "shift the curve to the left" (higher affinity). Which of the following factors does not shift the dissociation curve to the right?
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Which of the following properties is NOT typical of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following properties is NOT typical of adaptive immunity?
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Which of the following elements is NOT part of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following elements is NOT part of adaptive immunity?
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Study Notes
Physiology Questions
- Question 1: Phase 1 of the action potential in working ventricular cardiomyocytes is caused by increased sodium conductance (gNA).
- Question 2: Phase 1 of the action potential in conduction ventricular cardiomyocytes is caused by increased calcium conductance (gCa).
- Question 3: Phase 2 of the action potential in working ventricular cardiomyocytes is caused by increased calcium conductance (gCa).
- Question 4: Phase 3 of the action potential in working ventricular cardiomyocytes is caused by increased potassium conductance (gK).
- Question 5: The statement that is FALSE regarding muscle contraction is the following: The actual length of actin and myosin filaments does not vary during contraction.
Muscle Contraction
- Sarcomere Structure: The sarcomere consists of thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments.
- Energy Source: Energy used for muscle contraction comes from ATP hydrolysis during the "rowing stroke"
- Tropomyosin Function: Tropomyosin prevents actin-myosin binding at rest.
Cardiac Output and Circumstances
- Increase in Cardiac Output: Decreased afterload increases cardiac output.
- Decrease in Cardiac Output: Increased afterload decreases cardiac output.
Cardiac Cycle and Valves
- Cardiac Cycle Phases: Isovolumetric contraction is one of the heart phases.
- Valve Closure: Closure of the aortic valve precedes closure of the pulmonary valve during the cardiac cycle.
- Atrial Contraction and Preload: Atrial contraction, increased venous tone, and expansion of circulating volume all increase preload, except for the Valsalva maneuver.
Bacterial Meningitis & Hypotension
- Less Appropriate Measure: Giving saline to increase blood volume to increase blood pressure.
Other Facts
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): ANGIOTENSIN II induces Aldosterone release, but PAN (a substance) does not inhibit renin release.
- Aortic/Carotid Baroreceptors: Increasing discharge rate leads to decreased blood pressure, not an increase.
- Cardiac Action Potentials (working cardiomyocytes): In Phase 0 of the action potential, increased sodium conductance through rapid channels is the primary contributor.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the phases of action potentials and the mechanics of muscle contraction. This quiz covers important concepts related to cardiac physiology and the structural components of sarcomeres. Dive into the details of sodium, calcium, and potassium conductance as well as the energy sources for muscle movement.
