Physiology of Special Senses and Membranes

<p>A graded response to a specific stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By generating an action potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltage-gated channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cochlea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detect incoming stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require a threshold potential to initiate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the head region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Touch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taste receptor cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support sensory receptor cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The membrane potential becomes less negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are activated by specific ligands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce second messengers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechano-sensitive channel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graded potentials vary in magnitude and duration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They open or close in response to membrane potential changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The membrane potential increases, becoming more negative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reception of a stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanoreceptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transduce incoming stimuli into changes in membrane potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stimulus modality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in membrane potential in sensory receptor cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photoreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intensity of the stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Movement of substances across a membrane that doesn't require energy, like following the concentration gradient. Think of a ball rolling downhill.

Specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane that help facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane. Think of a gatekeeper letting specific guests through.

A type of transport protein that forms a channel through the membrane, allowing specific molecules to pass through. Think of a tunnel for specific vehicles.

A type of channel that opens or closes in response to a specific signal like a chemical messenger or a change in voltage. Think of a door that opens with a key or a pressure switch.

The process by which a cell uses energy to move substances across its membrane against their concentration gradient. Think of actively pushing a boulder uphill.

A type of active transport that uses the energy directly from ATP to move substances across the membrane. Think of a machine that uses batteries to move objects.

Local changes in the electrical potential across the membrane of a cell, caused by the flow of ions. Think of a small ripple in a pond.

A brief, rapid, and large change in the electrical potential across the membrane of a neuron or muscle cell. Think of a wave that travels across the ocean.

The process by which sensory receptors convert incoming stimuli into changes in membrane potential (graded potential).

Specialized proteins located on sensory receptor cells, responsible for detecting specific stimuli.

The specialized cells that detect incoming stimuli and trigger the transduction process.

The first stage of sensory processing, involving the detection of a stimulus by sensory receptors.

The process where the sensory signal travels from the receptor cell to the integrating center in the brain.

The final step of sensory processing, where the brain interprets the incoming signal and creates a conscious perception of the stimulus.

A type of sensory receptor that converts light energy into electrical signals. Found in the eyes.

A type of sensory receptor that converts chemical stimuli into electrical signals. Found in the tongue, nose, and other locations.

A graded potential that occurs in a sensory receptor cell due to a stimulus.

The process of converting a stimulus into a signal that the nervous system can understand.

Neuronal sensory receptor cells are specialized neurons with a trigger zone adjacent to the receptor region. The receptor potential directly opens voltage-gated sodium channels to generate an action potential.

Epithelial sensory receptor cells are not neurons. They release neurotransmitter in response to a receptor potential, which then acts on an afferent neuron to trigger an action potential.

Occurs only when the net graded potential at the trigger zone reaches the threshold potential, the neuron will either fire an action potential completely or not at all.

Specialized proteins embedded in the neuron's membrane that open in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing ions to flow across the cell membrane.

Senses that have specialized receptor cells located in the head region, often organized within complex organs like eyes and ears.

Sense of touch, which is part of the general senses, is mediated by general receptors, which are essentially modified neurons.

A complex structure that includes sensory receptor cells and accessory non-neural tissues, e.g., the eye.

A complete system that includes the sense organ, the afferent sensory pathway, and the relevant brain regions, enabling the perception of a specific type of stimulus.