4 Physiology of Mastication & Swallowing
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Questions and Answers

What regulates saliva production?

  • Environmental temperature variations
  • Only hormonal factors
  • Both neural and hormonal factors (correct)
  • Changes in blood pressure

    • Which phase of swallowing occurs immediately after the oral phase?

  • Esophageal phase
  • Pharyngeal phase (correct)
  • Gastric phase
  • Bolus phase

    • What is a characteristic feature of xerostomia?

  • Dry mouth (correct)
  • Excessive salivation
  • Normal saliva production
  • Increased swallowing efficiency

    • Which component is NOT typically found in saliva?

    <p>High concentration of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to vomiting?

    <p>Gastrointestinal irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The control of the lower esophageal sphincter is primarily influenced by which type of nervous system?

    <p>Enteric nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes excessive salivation?

    <p>Ptyalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles does saliva NOT perform?

    <p>Temperature regulation of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulatory system controlling salivary secretion?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT mentioned as being influenced by salivary flow rate?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with the efferent stimulation of salivary glands?

    <p>V, VII, IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on salivary secretion?

    <p>Increases salivary flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the salivary concentration of electrolytes change with increased flow rate?

    <p>They increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for the simple salivary reflex?

    <p>Pressure receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of receptors are primarily involved in the salivation process under parasympathetic stimulation?

    <p>M3 muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating salivation?

    <p>Inhibits salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) during swallowing?

    <p>It contracts to allow passage of the bolus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the primary peristaltic wave function in the esophagus?

    <p>It moves food at a rate of 4 cm/sec.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the secondary peristaltic wave in the esophagus?

    <p>Stimulation of mechanoreceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what phase of swallowing does deglutition apnea occur?

    <p>Pharyngeal phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a step in the swallowing process?

    <p>Bolus is chewed in the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflexes are involved in controlling the swallowing mechanism?

    <p>Vagal and intrinsic reflexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for a bolus to travel from the UES to the LES?

    <p>Approximately 10 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of increased salivary secretion during eating?

    <p>To lubricate the bolus for easier swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates saliva production in the body?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme in saliva is responsible for the initial breakdown of carbohydrates?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of swallowing occurs first?

    <p>Oral phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by dry mouth and can impact swallowing?

    <p>Xerostomia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the vomiting reflex?

    <p>Irritation in the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents acid reflux into the oesophagus?

    <p>Lower oesophageal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism helps move food through the oesophagus?

    <p>A combination of gravity and peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to hypersalivation?

    <p>Sjögren Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem associated with dry mouth?

    <p>Dental caries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication type is primarily used to stimulate saliva production?

    <p>Parasympathomimetic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease is associated with hypersalivation?

    <p>Sjögren Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is primarily involved in the vomiting reflex?

    <p>Deep inspiration and closure of the glottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can trigger the vomiting reflex?

    <p>Mechanical irritation in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the salivary glands play in digestion?

    <p>Contributing to lubrication and oral hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ptyalism is commonly observed during which condition?

    <p>Early pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical mechanism helps expel contents during vomiting?

    <p>Elevation of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of vomiting?

    <p>Bright light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reduced saliva due to dry mouth?

    <p>Difficulty chewing and swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mechanoreceptors in the esophagus during peristalsis?

    <p>To clear large lodged boluses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during deglutition apnea?

    <p>Breathing is suspended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How fast does the primary peristaltic wave move bolus through the esophagus?

    <p>4 cm/sec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) during swallowing?

    <p>It regulates the passage of the bolus into the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of saliva is specifically responsible for the emulsification of fats?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for controlling the contraction of the primary peristaltic wave?

    <p>Swallowing action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body primarily regulate the contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase does not occur immediately before the opening of the UES?

    <p>Nasal cavity opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chief purpose of mastication in the digestive process?

    <p>To increase the surface area for enzymatic digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex may be involved in the salivation response triggered by the sight of food?

    <p>Conditioned reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway initiates the secondary peristaltic contraction in the esophagus?

    <p>Mechanical stimulation of receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration for a bolus to travel from the UES to the LES?

    <p>10 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could significantly impact the swallowing process?

    <p>Xerostomia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the vomiting reflex in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Irritation in the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of swallowing does the bolus pass through before entering the stomach?

    <p>Esophageal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mainly responsible for the tonic contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Neural control from the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the intrinsic nervous system play in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>It regulates local reflexes and secretory activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is primarily responsible for the coordination of the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases of swallowing?

    <p>Involuntary reflexes mediated by the autonomic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of saliva is essential for maintaining oral pH and preventing microbial growth?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between xerostomia and ptyalism?

    <p>Xerostomia involves reduced salivary flow, whereas ptyalism represents increased salivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of swallowing is primarily controlled by the brainstem and involves involuntary responses?

    <p>Pharyngeal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the body upon the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system during gastrointestinal activity?

    <p>Decreased secretion of digestive enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is a recognized contributor to vomiting reflex?

    <p>Gastrointestinal irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the condition characterized by impaired ability to control the opening of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Achalasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mucin content in saliva?

    <p>To protect and lubricate epithelial cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglion is NOT illustrated in the connections between the spinal cord and the enteric nervous system?

    <p>Sphenopalatine ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands produces the highest percentage of saliva?

    <p>Submandibular glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion primarily characterizes the parotid glands?

    <p>Serous watery secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex is described by the vagovagal response?

    <p>Long reflex involving vagal afferents and efferents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component primarily influences blood vessel innervation from the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Postganglionic efferent fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes the sublingual glands?

    <p>Smallest salivary glands with high mucin content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system in the enteric nervous system?

    <p>To synapse with ganglion cells in the enteric nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly associated with the hypersalivation experienced during early pregnancy?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of dry mouth that results from changes in oral environment?

    <p>Candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is primarily involved in increasing intra-abdominal pressure during vomiting?

    <p>Diaphragm and abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is suggested to be involved in the modulation of the vomiting reflex?

    <p>Psychogenic factors and motion-related inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological role of saliva produced by the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands?

    <p>Enhancing taste and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a recognized trigger for the vomiting reflex?

    <p>Continuous hydration and nutrition intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological process describes the closure of the glottis during vomiting?

    <p>Deep inspiration and soft palate elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of saliva in relation to dental health?

    <p>Preventing dental caries and gum disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which salivary condition is characterized by an autoimmune response affecting salivary glands?

    <p>Sjögren Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiology of Mastication & Swallowing

    • Key functions of saliva: Digestion, lubrication, oral hygiene
    • Components of saliva: Water, electrolytes, enzymes (amylase, lipase), mucins
    • Autonomic nervous system controls salivary secretion: Primarily the parasympathetic branch
    • Salivation is triggered by reflexes: Unconditioned (food presence) and conditioned (learned responses)
    • Mastication (chewing) breaks down food: Increases surface area for enzymatic digestion, stimulates saliva production
    • Swallowing involves three phases: Oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal
    • Lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) prevents acid reflux: Maintains a tonic contraction, relaxes to allow food passage
    • Vomiting is a defense mechanism: Triggered by stimuli like irritation in the GI tract or motion sickness
    • Xerostomia (dry mouth): Can impair swallowing, common causes include anxiety and dehydration
    • Achalasia: A disorder where the LES fails to relax properly, impeding food passage into the stomach
    • Hypersalivation (Ptyalism): Can occur due to infections or conditions like Sjögren Syndrome
    • Vomiting: Triggered by stimulation of the vomiting center in the medulla, integrating input from various areas of the body
    • Causes of vomiting include: Throat irritation, stomach distension, motion sickness, toxins in the blood, psychological factors.

    Mastication and Swallowing

    • The autonomic nervous system controls saliva production, primarily the parasympathetic branch.
    • The parasympathetic nervous system increases saliva production, triggered by both unconditioned (food presence) and conditioned (learned responses) reflexes.
    • Three salivary glands contribute to saliva: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
    • These glands produce serous, watery secretions with amylase, mixed serous and mucus, and mostly viscous, mucinous secretions, respectively.
    • Saliva contains water, electrolytes, enzymes (amylase and lipase), and mucins.
    • Saliva plays a role in digestion, lubrication, and oral hygiene.
    • Chewing (mastication) mechanically breaks down food, increases surface area for enzymatic digestion, and stimulates saliva production.
    • Swallowing involves three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal.
    • Each phase is controlled by reflexes to ensure food safely moves from the mouth to the stomach.
    • The upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) and lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) are vital for swallowing.
    • UES contracts during swallowing while LES prevents acid reflux by maintaining tonic contraction before relaxing to allow food to enter the stomach.
    • The oesophagus uses primary and secondary peristaltic waves for food transport, triggered by swallowing and local reflexes.
    • Vomiting is a defense mechanism triggered by the vomiting center in the medulla, integrating various inputs from the throat, stomach, intestines, and other areas.
    • Common triggers for vomiting include irritation in the gastrointestinal tract, motion sickness, toxins in the blood, and psychological factors.
    • Xerostomia (dry mouth) can be caused by anxiety, dehydration, medications, and underlying medical conditions like Sjogren's syndrome.
    • Common effects of xerostomia include difficulty speaking, altered taste perception, dental caries, gum disease, mouth infections, and dysphagia.
    • Treatment for xerostomia includes saliva stimulants, substitutes (water, chewing gum), and parasympathomimetic drugs.
    • Ptyalism (hypersalivation), the opposite of dry mouth, can be caused by oral infections, gastroesophageal reflux, Sjogren's syndrome, and early pregnancy.

    Case Study

    • The 30-year-old man presenting with frequent dry mouth and difficulty swallowing likely has xerostomia.
    • His anxiety and dehydration contribute to this condition.
    • Anxiety can trigger a sympathetic response, leading to reduced saliva production.
    • Forgetting to drink water throughout the day exacerbates dehydration, further contributing to the dry mouth.
    • He should seek medical advice for diagnosis and treatment.

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    Physiology of Mastication & Swallowing 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the intricate processes of mastication and swallowing, focusing on the key roles of saliva and the phases of swallowing. You'll learn about the autonomic nervous system's influence on salivation and the complications that can arise, such as xerostomia and achalasia. Test your knowledge on these essential physiological functions.

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