Physiology of Digestive System

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Questions and Answers

Where is the origin of the reflex by Hering-Breuer?

in medulla (correct)

in mesencephalon

in cerebrum

in hypothalamus

What is the afferent unit of the reflex by Hering-Breuer?

vagus nerve (correct)

phrenic nerve

trigeminus nerve

sympathetic nerve

What is the receptor that initiates the reflex by Hering-Breuer?

lung's chemoreceptors

pulmonary stretch receptors (correct)

receptors of reflexogenic zones

receptors of intercostals muscles

What is the amount of oxygen partial pressure in alveolar air?

40 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

sigmoid in shape Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases the rate of oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

increase in tension of carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

How do sympathetic nerves influence the bronchial tube lumen?

constrict Signup and view all the answers

In which forms is carbon dioxide transported by red blood cells?

carboxyhemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is present on the surface of red blood corpuscles?

Agglutinogens Signup and view all the answers

What is present in the blood plasma?

Agglutinins Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between agglutinogens and agglutinins?

A and beta; b and alfa Signup and view all the answers

What is present in the I blood group?

A and beta Signup and view all the answers

What is the Rh factor located in?

Red blood corpuscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Rh factor?

During pregnancy the fetus may be Rh+ whereas the mother Rh- Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of blood coagulation?

I phase - formation of tissue and blood prothrombinase; II phase - conversion prothrombin in thrombin; III phase - formation of fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

Platelets help in blood clotting in microcirculatory vessels with low blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a quiet expiration?

Functional Residual Capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of tidal volume?

300 - 500 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of oxygen in atmospheric air?

21,93 % Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of oxygen in expired air?

16,56 % Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air?

0,03 % Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal size of residual volume?

1800 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the pneumothorax?

A condition where the lung collapses Signup and view all the answers

What is the Inspiratory Capacity?

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for primary peristalsis in the esophagus?

swallowing Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone inhibits stomach contractions?

Secretin Signup and view all the answers

What is the major stimulus for gastric acid (HCI) secretion during the cephalic phase?

acetylcholine (ACh) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major stimulus for the release of secretin?

hydrochloric acid (HCI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the form in which fats are transported from intestinal cells to blood plasma?

Chylomicrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the major factor controlling the secretion of bile from the liver?

cholecystokinin (CCK) released during a meal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones increases intestinal motility?

cholecystokinin (CCK) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is most important for the regulation of gastrin secretion?

Bombesin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

Immunity formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of protein in the solid residue of plasma?

7-8% Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of isotonic solutions?

They have the same osmotic pressure as blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical life span of erythrocytes?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

What is leukopenia characterized by?

Reduction in the amount of leucocytes below standard Signup and view all the answers

What does a nuclear shift to the left indicate?

Increase in the amount of young forms of neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive System

Primary peristalsis in the esophagus is stimulated by swallowing
Bicarbonates and enzymes have opposite effects on the digestive system
Secretin inhibits stomach contractions
Gastric acid secretion during the cephalic phase is stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh)
Secretin is released in response to hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Fats are transported from intestinal cells to blood plasma in the form of chylomicrons
Gastric acid secretion is inhibited by somatostatin and high pH
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to fat entering the small intestine
Intestinal motility is increased by cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin
All of the following stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion except bile acids
Histamine, gastrin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) are important stimuli for gastric acid secretion
Bombesin is the most important hormone for regulating gastrin secretion
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the most important hormone for regulating pancreatic enzyme secretion
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is also the most important hormone for regulating gallbladder emptying

Respiratory System

The tidal volume is equal to 300-500 ml
Pulmonary ventilation is an exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
The percentage of oxygen in atmospheric air is 20.94%
The percentage of oxygen in expired air is 16.3%
The percentage of oxygen in alveolar air is 14.5%
The percentage of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is 0.03%
The percentage of carbon dioxide in alveolar air is 5.50%
The percentage of carbon dioxide in expired air is 4.0%
Residual volume is approximately 1200 ml
Inspiration begins with contractions of inspiratory muscles
Pressure in the pleural cavity decreases up to -4-8 mm Hg during quiet breathing
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a quiet expiration
Vital Capacity (VC) includes Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) consists of Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) includes Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, and Residual Volume
Pneumothorax is a condition in which air accumulates in the pleural cavity
Reflex by Hering-Breuer originates from pulmonary stretch receptors

Blood and Blood Cells

Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of leucocytes above standard
Physiological leukocytosis can be digestive, myogenous, emotional, or reactive
Leukopenia is a reduction in the number of leucocytes below standard
Nuclear shift to the left means an increase in young forms of neutrophils
The amount of protein in the solid residue of plasma is 7-8%
The amount of platelets in 1 microliter of blood in a healthy adult is 200-400,000
Erythrocytes are formed in cells of bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen and liver
Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as blood
Osmotic pressure of blood is defined by proteins and electrolytes
Agglutinogens and agglutinins have specific names: A and alfa, B and beta
Agglutinogens are antigens found on the surface of red blood cells
Agglutinins are antibodies found in plasma that react with agglutinogens
The I blood group has alfa and beta agglutinogens
The II blood group has A and beta agglutinogens
The III blood group has B and alfa agglutinogens
The IV blood group has AB and O agglutinogens
Serum is plasma without fibrinogen
The Rh factor is found on the surface of red blood cells
The Rh factor has significance in repeated transfusions and during pregnancy
Blood coagulation involves three phases: formation of tissue and blood prothrombinase, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and formation of fibrin.

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Description

This quiz covers the physiology of the digestive system, including the stimuli for peristalsis, regulation of stomach contractions, and gastric acid secretion.