Physiology of Digestive System
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Questions and Answers

Where is the origin of the reflex by Hering-Breuer?

  • in medulla (correct)
  • in mesencephalon
  • in cerebrum
  • in hypothalamus

    • What is the afferent unit of the reflex by Hering-Breuer?

  • vagus nerve (correct)
  • phrenic nerve
  • trigeminus nerve
  • sympathetic nerve

    • What is the receptor that initiates the reflex by Hering-Breuer?

  • lung's chemoreceptors
  • pulmonary stretch receptors (correct)
  • receptors of reflexogenic zones
  • receptors of intercostals muscles

    • What is the amount of oxygen partial pressure in alveolar air?

    <p>40 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>sigmoid in shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the rate of oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

    <p>increase in tension of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sympathetic nerves influence the bronchial tube lumen?

    <p>constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which forms is carbon dioxide transported by red blood cells?

    <p>carboxyhemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is present on the surface of red blood corpuscles?

    <p>Agglutinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is present in the blood plasma?

    <p>Agglutinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between agglutinogens and agglutinins?

    <p>A and beta; b and alfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is present in the I blood group?

    <p>A and beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Rh factor located in?

    <p>Red blood corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Rh factor?

    <p>During pregnancy the fetus may be Rh+ whereas the mother Rh-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of blood coagulation?

    <p>I phase - formation of tissue and blood prothrombinase; II phase - conversion prothrombin in thrombin; III phase - formation of fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

    <p>Platelets help in blood clotting in microcirculatory vessels with low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a quiet expiration?

    <p>Functional Residual Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of tidal volume?

    <p>300 - 500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen in atmospheric air?

    <p>21,93 %</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen in expired air?

    <p>16,56 %</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air?

    <p>0,03 %</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal size of residual volume?

    <p>1800 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pneumothorax?

    <p>A condition where the lung collapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Inspiratory Capacity?

    <p>Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for primary peristalsis in the esophagus?

    <p>swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits stomach contractions?

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major stimulus for gastric acid (HCI) secretion during the cephalic phase?

    <p>acetylcholine (ACh)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major stimulus for the release of secretin?

    <p>hydrochloric acid (HCI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form in which fats are transported from intestinal cells to blood plasma?

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major factor controlling the secretion of bile from the liver?

    <p>cholecystokinin (CCK) released during a meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones increases intestinal motility?

    <p>cholecystokinin (CCK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is most important for the regulation of gastrin secretion?

    <p>Bombesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

    <p>Immunity formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of protein in the solid residue of plasma?

    <p>7-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of isotonic solutions?

    <p>They have the same osmotic pressure as blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical life span of erythrocytes?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leukopenia characterized by?

    <p>Reduction in the amount of leucocytes below standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a nuclear shift to the left indicate?

    <p>Increase in the amount of young forms of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System

    • Primary peristalsis in the esophagus is stimulated by swallowing
    • Bicarbonates and enzymes have opposite effects on the digestive system
    • Secretin inhibits stomach contractions
    • Gastric acid secretion during the cephalic phase is stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Secretin is released in response to hydrochloric acid (HCl)
    • Fats are transported from intestinal cells to blood plasma in the form of chylomicrons
    • Gastric acid secretion is inhibited by somatostatin and high pH
    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to fat entering the small intestine
    • Intestinal motility is increased by cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin
    • All of the following stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion except bile acids
    • Histamine, gastrin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) are important stimuli for gastric acid secretion
    • Bombesin is the most important hormone for regulating gastrin secretion
    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the most important hormone for regulating pancreatic enzyme secretion
    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) is also the most important hormone for regulating gallbladder emptying

    Respiratory System

    • The tidal volume is equal to 300-500 ml
    • Pulmonary ventilation is an exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
    • The percentage of oxygen in atmospheric air is 20.94%
    • The percentage of oxygen in expired air is 16.3%
    • The percentage of oxygen in alveolar air is 14.5%
    • The percentage of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is 0.03%
    • The percentage of carbon dioxide in alveolar air is 5.50%
    • The percentage of carbon dioxide in expired air is 4.0%
    • Residual volume is approximately 1200 ml
    • Inspiration begins with contractions of inspiratory muscles
    • Pressure in the pleural cavity decreases up to -4-8 mm Hg during quiet breathing
    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a quiet expiration
    • Vital Capacity (VC) includes Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume
    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC) consists of Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume
    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC) includes Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, and Residual Volume
    • Pneumothorax is a condition in which air accumulates in the pleural cavity
    • Reflex by Hering-Breuer originates from pulmonary stretch receptors

    Blood and Blood Cells

    • Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of leucocytes above standard
    • Physiological leukocytosis can be digestive, myogenous, emotional, or reactive
    • Leukopenia is a reduction in the number of leucocytes below standard
    • Nuclear shift to the left means an increase in young forms of neutrophils
    • The amount of protein in the solid residue of plasma is 7-8%
    • The amount of platelets in 1 microliter of blood in a healthy adult is 200-400,000
    • Erythrocytes are formed in cells of bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen and liver
    • Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as blood
    • Osmotic pressure of blood is defined by proteins and electrolytes
    • Agglutinogens and agglutinins have specific names: A and alfa, B and beta
    • Agglutinogens are antigens found on the surface of red blood cells
    • Agglutinins are antibodies found in plasma that react with agglutinogens
    • The I blood group has alfa and beta agglutinogens
    • The II blood group has A and beta agglutinogens
    • The III blood group has B and alfa agglutinogens
    • The IV blood group has AB and O agglutinogens
    • Serum is plasma without fibrinogen
    • The Rh factor is found on the surface of red blood cells
    • The Rh factor has significance in repeated transfusions and during pregnancy
    • Blood coagulation involves three phases: formation of tissue and blood prothrombinase, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and formation of fibrin.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the physiology of the digestive system, including the stimuli for peristalsis, regulation of stomach contractions, and gastric acid secretion.

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