Physiology of Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

What do mitochondria primarily form that reacts with cytochrome oxidase?

  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrate (correct)
  • Oxygen

    • What is the molecule that gets converted into cGMP?

  • Cytochrome
  • Xanthine oxidase
  • Nitric oxide (NO) (correct)
  • Nitrate

    • What is the primary function of cGMP in smooth muscle tissue?

  • Stimulating platelet aggregation
  • Inhibiting gene expression
  • Contraction of muscle tissue
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle (correct)

    • At high doses, what does the activation of nitric oxide lead to?

    <p>Relaxation of smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the conversion process leading to the formation of NO?

    <p>Xanthine oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is angiotensin I converted to?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What receptor does angiotensin II primarily act on to cause vasoconstriction?

    <p>AT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does angiotensin II have on the adrenal gland?

    <p>Stimulates aldosterone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high doses, dopamine primarily acts on which receptors to induce vasoconstriction?

    <p>Alpha and beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At low doses, what physiological effect do high potency nitrates have?

    <p>Induce vasorelaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Promote sodium and water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does dopamine employ at low doses for vasorelaxation?

    <p>Acts on D2 receptors to promote cAMP release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the bioactivation of high potency nitrates?

    <p>Aldehyde dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance?

    <p>Arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive angiotensin II signaling?

    <p>Increased vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of -entans in treating pulmonary HTN?

    <p>Inhibit endothelin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do -sartans function in the treatment of hypertension?

    <p>Inhibit AT1 receptors to decrease plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pharmacological action of Alirocumab?

    <p>Inhibit PCSK9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Amlodipine among calcium channel blockers?

    <p>It relaxes blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Aliskiren in hypertension management?

    <p>It serves as a renin release inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does Acetazolamide utilize as a therapy?

    <p>Inhibit carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected physiological outcome of using -entans?

    <p>Lowered pulmonary artery pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes statins?

    <p>They are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased vascular radius?

    <p>Decreased blood flow resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications targets bradykinin breakdown?

    <p>Pril medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high doses, the activation of bempedoic acid occurs through which of the following?

    <p>CYP450</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about beta blockers is true?

    <p>They should be avoided in patients with myocardial conduction defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do bile acid binding resins have on LDL uptake?

    <p>They decrease LDL uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bumetanide is classified as what type of diuretic?

    <p>Loop diuretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbonic anhydrase is located in the luminal brush border membrane?

    <p>CA type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

    <p>Preventing H2CO3 formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key cardiovascular effect of beta blockers?

    <p>Decrease heart rate and force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bile acid binding resins impact cholesterol levels?

    <p>They decrease the levels of circulating bile acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of ATP citrate lyase inhibitors?

    <p>They inhibit fat accumulation in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of beta blockers on myocardial oxygen demand?

    <p>They prevent HTN induced damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at high doses of a certain drug via CYP450?

    <p>Inactivation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bioactivation pathway for high potency nitrates at low doses?

    <p>By aldehyde dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does dopamine have at moderate doses (2-5 micrograms) on beta 1 receptors?

    <p>Increases cardiac contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is released following the conversion of NO?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in converting nitrates into NO?

    <p>Cytochrome oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of cGMP in the signal transduction pathway described?

    <p>Relaxes smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Atenolol is true?

    <p>It is a cardioselective beta blocker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which dose range is dopamine considered to act primarily on beta 1 receptors?

    <p>2-5 micrograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physiological effect of cGMP in relation to smooth muscle?

    <p>It induces muscle relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a condition that does NOT involve the action of nitrates in the body?

    <p>Increasing vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Clonidine have on smooth muscle?

    <p>Relaxes smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is classified as a bile acid binding resin?

    <p>Cholestyramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Empagliflozin inhibit?

    <p>SGLT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Ezetimibe?

    <p>It blocks cholesterol absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Diltiazem?

    <p>Blocks L-type calcium channels and decreases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should not be given to patients with decompensated heart failure?

    <p>Carvedilol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a fibric acid derivative?

    <p>Fenofibrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cholestyramine in lipid management?

    <p>It binds bile acids, lowering cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used to treat hypertension crises?

    <p>Clonidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication acts as an ANGPTL3 inhibitor?

    <p>Evinacumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)?

    <p>LVEF greater than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication may prevent OATP1B1 uptake of statins?

    <p>Gemfibrozil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a thiazide diuretic?

    <p>Chlorthalidone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs involving either cytochrome oxidase or xanthine oxidase with the compound that gets converted to NO?

    <p>They both react with nitrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between NO and cGMP in smooth muscle relaxation?

    <p>NO is converted to cGMP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect does cGMP have on smooth muscle tissue?

    <p>It prevents muscle contraction and promotes relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high doses, what is a consequence of the activation of nitric oxide?

    <p>Vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of cGMP in smooth muscle tissues?

    <p>cGMP facilitates relaxation and opposes the actions of calcium ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of bempedoic acid in biochemical processes?

    <p>ATP citrate lyase inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bile acid binding resins affect LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>Create complexes that cause a compensatory increase in LDL uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbonic anhydrase type is specifically present in the basolateral membrane?

    <p>CA type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of administering high doses of beta blockers?

    <p>Reduction in heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors primarily employ?

    <p>Interference with CO2 uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of using calcium channel blockers in patients with myocardial conduction defects?

    <p>They may exacerbate conduction defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do loop diuretics like bumetanide have on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Reduce fluid overload and lower blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of nonselective alpha and beta blockers like carvedilol?

    <p>They block both alpha and beta receptors, leading to reduced blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the activation of CYP450 at high doses have?

    <p>Influences drug bioactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the bioactivation of high potency nitrates?

    <p>It bioactivates nitrates to form an active compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which dose does dopamine primarily increase cardiac contractility via beta 1 receptors?

    <p>Moderate doses (2-5 micrograms)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when high potency nitrates are bioactivated in the mitochondria?

    <p>Nitric oxide (NO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two enzymes can react with a certain molecule formed from high potency nitrates?

    <p>Cytochrome oxidase and xanthine oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of nitric oxide converting to cGMP in smooth muscle?

    <p>Relaxation of smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of cGMP in relation to vascular smooth muscle?

    <p>Vasodilation and decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect occurs with high doses of dopamine in terms of receptor activation?

    <p>Activation of beta 1 receptors increases heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which high potency nitrates exert their effect on smooth muscle?

    <p>Activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do nitrates affect to prevent platelet aggregation?

    <p>cGMP receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high doses, the activation of certain pathways occurs through which metabolic process related to CYP450?

    <p>Active drug formation leading to enhanced effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is primarily used to treat pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>-entans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for aliskiren?

    <p>Inhibits renin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug works by decreasing the rate and force of cardiac contraction?

    <p>Amlodipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of acetazolamide in the body?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication inhibits the generation of angiotensin II?

    <p>Aliskiren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is known to be converted to form angiotensin II?

    <p>Angiotensinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do -sartans primarily have in hypertension management?

    <p>Inhibit AT1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is classified as a PCSK9 inhibitor?

    <p>Alirocumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diuretic is amiloride classified as?

    <p>Potassium-sparing diuretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of angiotensin II in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Promotes aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does angiotensin II have in the body?

    <p>It stimulates aldosterone release and causes vasoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What receptors does dopamine act on at low doses for vasorelaxation?

    <p>D2 receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal gland?

    <p>Activation of angiotensin II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high doses, which effect does dopamine have on the peripheral resistance?

    <p>It increases peripheral resistance through beta 1 activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does angiotensin II affect vascular smooth muscle?

    <p>It binds to AT1 receptors to cause vasoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which nitrates exert their therapeutic effects at low doses?

    <p>They are bioactivated to promote vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is involved in converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

    <p>ACE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do high potency nitrates have on the mitochondria?

    <p>They are bioactivated by aldehyde dehydrogenase within mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the outcome of excessive angiotensin II signaling?

    <p>Increased sodium and water reabsorption leading to hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldosterone released by angiotensin II?

    <p>Facilitating the reabsorption of sodium and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drug is Carvedilol and who should it not be given to?

    <p>A beta blocker, should not be given to patients with decompensated heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Clonidine in treating hypertension?

    <p>It stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors to decrease sympathetic outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a possible drug interaction with digoxin?

    <p>It may cause increased toxicity when combined with verapamil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a bile acid binding resin?

    <p>Cholestyramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of empagliflozin?

    <p>It is an SGLT2 inhibitor that promotes glucose excretion in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dichlorphenamide acts primarily as what type of drug?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does Ezetimibe use to affect cholesterol levels?

    <p>Inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug should not be combined with Ca2+ due to the risk of malignant arrhythmias?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction of ranolazine?

    <p>Increases levels of warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known to be a fibric acid derivative?

    <p>Fenofibrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true about Gemfibrozil?

    <p>It decreases triglyceride levels via PPAR-alpha activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Diltiazem have on cardiac function?

    <p>Reduces heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is Evinacumab?

    <p>An ANGPTL3 inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs inhibits sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Acetazolamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

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