40 Questions
What is the literal meaning of the word 'Physiology'?
Science of natural functions
What is the primary focus of Pathophysiology?
Study of abnormal body functions
What is the correct definition of 'Function' in Physiology?
The activity or task performed by an organ or system
What is the term for the study of the basic functions of living organisms?
Physiology
What is the correct sequence of levels of structural organization in the body?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System
What is the normal range of resting state blood pressure?
80-120 mmHg
What is the term for the study of the changes in normal body functions that occur as a result of disease or injury?
Pathophysiology
What is the term for the normal functions of tissues, organs or body?
Physiological
What is the primary focus of Physiology?
Study of normal body functions
What is the term for the way something is done in Physiology?
Mechanism
What is the primary function of the sensory division of the central nervous system?
To receive and process information from sensory receptors
What type of regulation involves control systems operating within organs?
Intrinsic regulation
What is the function of the afferent neuron in the nervous system?
To transmit signals from the receptor to the control center
What is the purpose of the effector cell/organ in the homeostatic regulatory system?
To respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis
What is the primary function of the motor division of the central nervous system?
To transmit signals from the control center to the effector tissue
What type of regulation involves the activities of nervous or endocrine systems?
Extrinsic regulation
What is the function of the control center in the homeostatic regulatory system?
To receive and process information from sensory receptors
What is the primary function of the receptor/sensor in the homeostatic regulatory system?
To detect changes in the internal environment
What is the term for the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions?
Homeostasis
What is the term for the process of making adjustments to maintain homeostasis?
Compensation
Which system is responsible for rapid, short-term, specific responses in the body?
Nervous system
What is the primary function of the receptor/sensor in a feedback loop?
To detect the stimulus or change
What is the effect of negative feedback on the variable being regulated?
It decreases the intensity of the condition
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?
A few reflex pathways
What is the role of the effector in a feedback loop?
To provide the means to respond to the stimulus
Which system uses hormones to accomplish long-distance communication?
Endocrine system
What is the term for the pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal?
Negative feedback
What is the primary function of the control/integration center in a feedback loop?
To process information from the receptor
What is the result of a negative feedback loop on the system?
It stabilizes the system
What is the term for the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
What is the level of organization that consists of different types of tissues?
Organ Level
Which of the following is NOT a level of organization?
Molecular Level
What is the primary focus of physiology?
Organ Level
What is the process that maintains the stability of the human body's internal environment in response to changes in external conditions?
Homeostasis
What is required for homeostasis to occur?
A sensor, an effector mechanism, and a negative feedback connection
What is the result of homeostasis?
The body's internal environment remains stable
What is the term for the level of organization that consists of different organs that work together closely?
Organ System Level
What is the hierarchical organization of life?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
What is the term for the level of organization that consists of similar types of cells?
Tissue Level
Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology
- Dr. Arzu Temizyürek is the faculty member teaching this course in the Department of Physiology at the Faculty of Medicine.
- The recommended textbooks for the course are "Textbook of Medical Physiology" by Guyton & Hall, "Review of Medical Physiology" by W.F. Ganong, and "Neuroscience" by Dale Purve.
Physiology
- Physiology is an integrative science that deals with the basic functions of living organisms, derived from the Greek words "physis" meaning nature and "logos" meaning science.
- It is the branch of science that studies the functions of living organisms.
Physiological Terms
- Function refers to what an organ or system does, while mechanism or process refers to how it does it.
Normal and Abnormal Conditions
- Physiological refers to normal functions of tissues, organs, or the body, whereas pathophysiological refers to abnormal conditions or functional changes associated with disease or injury.
Levels of Structural Organization
- There are six levels of structural organization in the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
Organization of Life
- The cell is the basic unit of life, and there is a hierarchical organization of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism.
Focus of Physiology
- Physiology focuses on the level of organs and systems within systems, which are groups of related organs with a common function.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the process of maintaining the stability of the human body's internal environment in response to changes in external conditions.
- It requires a sensor to detect changes, an effector mechanism to vary the condition, and a negative feedback connection between the two.
Central Nervous System
- The central nervous system has sensory and motor divisions, which work together to maintain homeostasis.
- The sensory division detects changes, the control center processes information, and the effector mechanism responds to the stimulus.
Homeostatic Regulatory Systems
- There are two types of homeostatic regulatory systems: intrinsic (local) regulation, which involves auto-regulation within cells, tissues, or organs, and extrinsic regulation, which involves the nervous or endocrine systems.
Communication Within the Body
- Long-distance communication within the body is accomplished through the nervous system, which uses neural electrical impulses, and the endocrine system, which uses hormones.
Homeostatic Regulation Mechanism
- Feedback loops are used to maintain homeostasis, and they have three components: a receptor/sensor, a control/integration center, and an effector.
Negative Feedback
- Negative feedback loops stabilize the variable being regulated and aid in maintaining homeostasis.
- The control mechanism decreases the intensity of the condition to bring it back to the set point.
Positive Feedback
- Positive feedback loops are not homeostatic and are found in a few reflex pathways.
- The output becomes the stimulus input for the process itself.
Test your knowledge of physiology concepts, covering topics from medical physiology, neuroscience, and human physiology. Based on popular textbooks by Guyton, Hall, Ganong, and others.
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