Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Where is the heart located?
Where is the heart located?
Which layer of the heart wall is mostly made up of cardiac muscle?
Which layer of the heart wall is mostly made up of cardiac muscle?
What are the discharging chambers of the heart called?
What are the discharging chambers of the heart called?
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Which vessels allow blood to flow in only one direction?
Which vessels allow blood to flow in only one direction?
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What initiates the contraction of heart muscle cells in a regular, continuous way?
What initiates the contraction of heart muscle cells in a regular, continuous way?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles contract and push out blood?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles contract and push out blood?
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What determines the Cardiac Output (CO) of the heart according to the text?
What determines the Cardiac Output (CO) of the heart according to the text?
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What remains relatively constant in the regulation of the heart's stroke volume?
What remains relatively constant in the regulation of the heart's stroke volume?
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Which factor is NOT associated with an increased heart rate according to the text?
Which factor is NOT associated with an increased heart rate according to the text?
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Which stage of the cardiac cycle involves both chambers of the heart being relaxed and atrioventricular valves being open?
Which stage of the cardiac cycle involves both chambers of the heart being relaxed and atrioventricular valves being open?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology-II
- This course provides knowledge about the normal physiology of cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and central nervous systems.
- It helps students prepare scientific researches about physiological topics and understand the physiological basis of clinical cases.
Cardiovascular System
- A closed system of the heart and blood vessels that delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products.
- The heart pumps blood, and blood vessels allow blood to circulate throughout the body.
Heart Structure
- Located in the thorax, between the lungs, and pointed towards the left hip.
- The size of a fist, with a double serous membrane (pericardium) surrounding it.
- The heart wall consists of three layers: epicardium (outer layer), myocardium (middle layer), and endocardium (inner layer).
Heart Chambers and Valves
- Four chambers: right and left atria (receiving chambers) and right and left ventricles (discharging chambers).
- Four valves: atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
- Valves allow blood to flow in one direction and prevent backflow.
Blood Circulation and Associated Vessels
- Aorta leaves the left ventricle, pulmonary arteries leave the right ventricle, vena cava enters the right atrium, and pulmonary veins enter the left atrium.
- Coronary circulation: the heart has its own circulatory system, with coronary arteries and cardiac veins.
Cardiac Cell Properties
- Four basic properties: excitability, conductivity, contractility, and automaticity/rhythmicity.
Conduction System
- Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) that generates and maintains a regular heartbeat without external interventions.
- The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker, followed by the atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Cardiac Cycle
- The cardiac cycle consists of atrial diastole, atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and ventricular filling.
- The cardiac cycle is the events of one complete heartbeat.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute.
- CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
Regulation of Heart Rate
- Factors affecting heart rate: sympathetic nervous system, crisis, low blood pressure, hormones (epinephrine and thyroxine), exercise, and decreased blood volume.
- Parasympathetic nervous system, high blood pressure or blood volume, and decreased venous return decrease heart rate.
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Description
Learn about the normal physiology of cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and central nervous system in this course. Gain theoretical knowledge through lectures to understand course objectives and prepare for scientific research on physiological topics.
