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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of physiology?
What is the primary focus of physiology?
- Study of non-living organisms
- Study of abnormal bodily functions
- Study of diseases and disorders
- Study of normal body functions (correct)
What percentage of body weight in an adult male is composed of water?
What percentage of body weight in an adult male is composed of water?
- 50%
- 60% (correct)
- 70%
- 80%
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as affecting total body water?
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as affecting total body water?
- Amount of fat
- Age
- Sex
- Height (correct)
In terms of distribution, how much of total body water is classified as intra-cellular fluid (ICF)?
In terms of distribution, how much of total body water is classified as intra-cellular fluid (ICF)?
Which statement best describes the relationship between body fat and water content?
Which statement best describes the relationship between body fat and water content?
Which component is NOT a factor that must be homeostatically maintained in the internal environment of the body?
Which component is NOT a factor that must be homeostatically maintained in the internal environment of the body?
What is the physiological role of a cell?
What is the physiological role of a cell?
Which of the following best describes the composition of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which of the following best describes the composition of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary cation found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary cation found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which of the following components predominates in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of the following components predominates in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is an effect of dehydration in the body?
What is an effect of dehydration in the body?
What is the total average water intake from drinking water listed in the normal body activity?
What is the total average water intake from drinking water listed in the normal body activity?
What happens during overhydration in the body?
What happens during overhydration in the body?
Which component is present in larger amounts in extracellular fluid compared to intracellular fluid?
Which component is present in larger amounts in extracellular fluid compared to intracellular fluid?
Which of the following is a cause of dehydration in the body?
Which of the following is a cause of dehydration in the body?
What is meant by homeostasis in the context of body fluid composition?
What is meant by homeostasis in the context of body fluid composition?
What is the primary function of the circulatory system in maintaining homeostasis?
What is the primary function of the circulatory system in maintaining homeostasis?
Which factor in the internal environment must be homeostatically maintained at a pH level of 7.4?
Which factor in the internal environment must be homeostatically maintained at a pH level of 7.4?
What major regulatory systems work together to achieve homeostasis?
What major regulatory systems work together to achieve homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of homeostasis?
What role do the kidneys play in maintaining homeostasis?
What role do the kidneys play in maintaining homeostasis?
What is the typical blood pressure that must be maintained for homeostasis?
What is the typical blood pressure that must be maintained for homeostasis?
Which system is responsible for defending against foreign invaders in the context of homeostasis?
Which system is responsible for defending against foreign invaders in the context of homeostasis?
Which body system is primarily involved in the movement of the body to obtain necessities?
Which body system is primarily involved in the movement of the body to obtain necessities?
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Study Notes
Physiology
- The study of normal body functions.
Cell Physiology
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in the body.
Body Composition
- In an average adult male (70 kg) water accounts for 60% of body weight.
Total Body Water Distribution
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): located inside cells, comprises 2/3 of total body water.
- Extracellular fluid (ECF): located outside cells, including interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma.
Factors Affecting Total Body Water
- Physiological factors:
- Amount of fat: water content decreases with obesity.
- Sex: Females have lower water content than males.
- Age: Total body water decreases with age.
Fluid Composition
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF):
- High Na+ concentration, the main cation.
- High Cl- concentration, the main anion.
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF):
- High K+ concentration, the main cation.
- High phosphate and protein concentrations, the main anions.
Water Balance
- Water gain = water loss in a normal healthy individual.
- Dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds water gain.
- Overhydration occurs when water gain exceeds water loss.
Homeostasis
- The maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment of the body.
- The ECF is the body's internal environment.
- Homeostasis is important for normal cell function.
Factors Regulated by Homeostasis
- pH: 7.4
- Blood volume: 5 L
- Blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg
- Temperature: 37°C
Body Systems and Homeostasis
- Circulatory System: Transports blood throughout the body.
- Respiratory System: Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.
- Musculoskeletal System: Movement and protection.
- Nervous System: Controls movement and sends impulses.
- Endocrine System: Regulates cell function through hormones.
- Digestive System: Nutrient absorption.
- Kidneys and Urinary System: Waste removal and water regulation.
- Immune System: Defense against foreign invaders.
- Skin: Protective barrier.
- Reproductive System: Continuation of species.
Regulatory Systems
- The nervous system and the endocrine system are the major regulatory systems for homeostasis.
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