Physiology: Renal
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of mannitol that makes it a suitable marker for ECF?

  • It is a small molecule that can cross cell membranes
  • It is a dye that binds to serum albumin
  • It is a large molecule that cannot cross cell membranes (correct)
  • It is a substance that can only be found in the plasma compartment

What is the purpose of allowing the substance to equilibrate in the body?

  • To calculate the volume of distribution
  • To allow the substance to distribute evenly throughout the body fluid compartments (correct)
  • To ensure the substance is excreted in the urine
  • To measure the concentration of the substance in the plasma

What is the formula used to calculate the volume of distribution of a substance?

  • Volume = Amount × Concentration
  • Volume = Amount ÷ Concentration (correct)
  • Volume = Concentration / Amount
  • Volume = Amount / Concentration

What is the primary function of tritiated water in measuring body fluid compartments?

<p>To measure the volume of TBW (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption about solutes such as NaCl and mannitol?

<p>They do not cross cell membranes and are confined to the ECF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Evans blue in measuring body fluid compartments?

<p>To measure the volume of plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the substance during the equilibration period in the sample calculation?

<p>10% of the substance is excreted in the urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to plasma protein concentration and hematocrit when there is an infusion of isotonic NaCI?

<p>They decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the addition of isotonic fluid to the ECF?

<p>Isosmotic volume expansion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ECF osmolarity when there is an infusion of isotonic NaCI?

<p>It remains unchanged (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss of isotonic fluid from the ECF?

<p>Isosmotic volume contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to arterial blood pressure when there is an infusion of isotonic NaCI?

<p>It increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated plasma osmolarity if the plasma Na concentration is 140 mEq/L, plasma glucose concentration is 100 mg/dL, and blood urea nitrogen concentration is 20 mg/dL?

<p>290 mOsm/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of total body weight that is total body water (TBW)?

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of the interstitial fluid compartment if the plasma volume is 3.2 liters and the ECF volume is 14.1 liters?

<p>10.9 liters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following markers is used to measure the volume of the intracellular fluid compartment?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration of solute particles that determines osmolarity?

<p>Osmolarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of the volume of the interstitial fluid compartment to the volume of the plasma compartment?

<p>3:4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ICF volume as a result of sweating in a desert?

<p>It decreases due to the shift of water out of ICF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperosmotic volume contraction on plasma protein concentration?

<p>It increases due to the decrease in ECF volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the hematocrit remain unchanged during sweating in a desert?

<p>Water shifts out of the RBCs, decreasing their volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ECF volume in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

<p>It increases due to the retention of excess water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperosmotic volume contraction on the osmolarity of the ECF?

<p>It increases due to the loss of water in the sweat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of SIADH on the osmolarity of the ECF?

<p>It decreases due to the retention of excess water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that relates clearance to urine concentration, urine volume, and plasma concentration?

<p>C = U × V/P (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of angiotensin II on renal arterioles at low concentrations?

<p>Constriction of efferent arterioles and protection of GFR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on renal function?

<p>Decrease in GFR and reduction of hyperfiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on renal arterioles?

<p>Vasodilation of afferent arterioles and vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of cardiac output that is typically represented by renal blood flow (RBF)?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the kidney regulates renal blood flow (RBF)?

<p>Changing renal vascular resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why inulin is used to measure GFR?

<p>Because it is freely filtered by the glomeruli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate GFR using inulin?

<p>GFR = [U] x V / [P] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the BUN/creatinine ratio in prerenal azotemia?

<p>It increases to more than 20:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of age on GFR?

<p>GFR decreases with age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which BUN and serum creatinine increase when GFR decreases?

<p>Increased urea reabsorption in the proximal tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring GFR using inulin clearance?

<p>To estimate glomerular filtration rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of renal plasma flow is normally filtered across the glomerular capillaries?

<p>20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for glomerular filtration?

<p>Net ultrafiltration pressure across the glomerular capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an increase in filtration fraction on the protein concentration of peritubular capillary blood?

<p>Increased protein concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that describes the relationship between glomerular filtration rate and the Starling forces?

<p>GFR = Pgc - πgc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of fluid movement favored by the net ultrafiltration pressure across the glomerular capillaries?

<p>Out of the glomerular capillary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of renal plasma flow that leaves the glomerular capillaries by the efferent arterioles?

<p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why substances with clearances equal to GFR are considered glomerular markers?

<p>They are not reabsorbed or secreted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a high-K+ diet on the relative clearance of PAH?

<p>It increases the relative clearance of PAH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the excretion of a weak acid when the urine pH is alkaline?

<p>It increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acidifying the urine on the excretion of a weak base?

<p>It increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which nonionic diffusion affects the excretion of weak acids and weak bases?

<p>Back-diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances has a clearance higher than GFR?

<p>PAH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an increase in urine pH on the back-diffusion of a weak acid?

<p>It decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the clearance of a substance is used to measure its excretion?

<p>It is a measure of the substance's excretion rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the TF/Pinull ratio correct for?

<p>Water reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If TF/Pinull = 2.0, what percentage of filtered water has been reabsorbed?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of TF/PNa+ in the tubular fluid of Bowman space?

<p>1.0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If TF/P = 1.0, what can be concluded about the substance?

<p>There has been no reabsorption or secretion of the substance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If [TF/P]K+/[TF/P]inull = 0.3 at the end of the proximal tubule, what percentage of filtered K+ remains in the tubular fluid?

<p>30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of TF/P > 1.0?

<p>There has been secretion of the substance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of Na+ reabsorption?

<p>Entire nephron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of most of the reabsorbed Na+?

<p>Reabsorbed into the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of TF/P ratio in nephron terminology?

<p>To compare the concentration of a substance in tubular fluid with the concentration in plasma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to TF/P as water is reabsorbed along the nephron?

<p>TF/P increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the double ratio [TF/P]K+/[TF/P]inull?

<p>To calculate the fraction of filtered K+ reabsorbed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the calculation: 1 - (1/TF/Pinull)?

<p>Fraction of filtered H2O reabsorbed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of inulin in nephron terminology?

<p>It is a freely filtered substance that is not reabsorbed or secreted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a TF/P ratio of 0.8 indicate?

<p>The concentration of the substance in tubular fluid is 80% of the concentration in plasma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of TF/P < 1.0?

<p>The concentration of the substance in tubular fluid is less than in plasma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using TF/P ratio in nephron terminology?

<p>It allows for the comparison of the concentration of a substance in tubular fluid with the concentration in plasma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a high-K+ diet on the principal cells?

<p>It increases K+ secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the a-intercalated cells to reabsorb K+?

<p>H+, K+-ATPase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on K+ secretion?

<p>It increases K+ secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a low-K+ diet on the electrochemical driving force for K+?

<p>It decreases the driving force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of alkalosis on K+ secretion?

<p>It increases K+ secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of thiazide diuretics on K+ secretion?

<p>It decreases K+ secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on K+ secretion?

<p>It increases K+ secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acidosis on K+ secretion?

<p>It decreases K+ secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of K+-sparing diuretics in combination with other diuretics?

<p>To reduce urinary K+ losses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of urea secretion in the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

<p>Simple diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ADH on urea reabsorption in the inner medullary collecting ducts?

<p>Increases urea reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of triamterene and amiloride in the nephron?

<p>Act directly on principal cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of filtered urea that is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an increase in luminal anions on K+ secretion in the nephron?

<p>Increases K+ secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of urea secretion in the nephron?

<p>Thin descending limb of the loop of Henle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does urea excretion vary with urine flow rate?

<p>Increases with increased urine flow rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At high levels of water reabsorption, what happens to urea reabsorption?

<p>It increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of filtered phosphate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

<p>85% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on phosphate reabsorption?

<p>It decreases phosphate reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of 15% of the filtered phosphate load?

<p>It is excreted in urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loop diuretics on urinary calcium excretion?

<p>It increases urinary calcium excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of plasma calcium is filtered across the glomerular capillaries?

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of calcium reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

<p>Passive process coupled to sodium reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) on phosphate reabsorption?

<p>It decreases phosphate reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney?

<p>By stimulating the synthesis of new sodium channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney?

<p>Increased water permeability in the collecting duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the kidney regulates potassium balance?

<p>By adjusting potassium secretion in the collecting duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on the intercalated cells of the kidney?

<p>Increased hydrogen ion secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which K+-sparing diuretics decrease potassium secretion?

<p>By inhibiting the action of aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a shift of potassium from the intracellular fluid (ICF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Hyperkalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the kidney regulates potassium excretion?

<p>By adjusting potassium secretion in the collecting duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on potassium reabsorption in the kidney?

<p>Increased potassium reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on potassium secretion?

<p>Increased K+ secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in response to acidosis in the principal cells?

<p>H+ enters the cell, K+ leaves the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loop and thiazide diuretics on potassium secretion?

<p>Increased K+ secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which loop and thiazide diuretics increase potassium secretion?

<p>Increased Na+ delivery to the late distal tubule and collecting ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of alkalosis on potassium secretion?

<p>Increased K+ secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which K+-sparing diuretics decrease potassium secretion?

<p>The mechanism is not specified in the text (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acidosis on the intracellular potassium concentration?

<p>Decreased intracellular K+ concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why loop and thiazide diuretics cause hypokalemia?

<p>Increased potassium secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the nephron?

<p>Stimulation of water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vasa recta capillaries in the medulla?

<p>Maintenance of the corticopapillary osmotic gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle?

<p>Stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate in the proximal tubule?

<p>300 mOsm/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the filtered water is reabsorbed isosmotically in the proximal tubule?

<p>Two-thirds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urea recycling in the medulla?

<p>Stimulation of urea recycling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ADH in the collecting ducts?

<p>To increase the water permeability of the principal cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolarity of the final urine in the presence of ADH?

<p>1200 mOsm/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of low circulating levels of ADH or ineffective ADH?

<p>Production of dilute urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ADH on countercurrent multiplication and urea recycling?

<p>ADH stimulates countercurrent multiplication and urea recycling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolarity of the tubular fluid at the bend of the loop of Henle and the tip of the papilla?

<p>1200 mOsm/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of osmotic equilibration with the corticopapillary gradient in the presence of ADH?

<p>TF/P &gt; 1.0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the absence of ADH?

<p>Reabsorbing NaCl without water, and making the tubular fluid dilute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cells in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts in the absence of ADH?

<p>Impermeable to water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring free-water clearance (CH2O)?

<p>To estimate the ability to dilute the urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which segments of the nephron is free water produced?

<p>Thick ascending limb and early distal tubule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum osmolarity of the final urine in the absence of ADH?

<p>50 mOsm/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tubular fluid in the early distal tubule in the absence of ADH?

<p>It becomes more dilute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

<p>Reabsorbs NaCl and decreases plasma osmolarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ADH on the principal cells of the late distal tubule?

<p>Increases H2O permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolarity of the tubular fluid at the end of the distal tubule?

<p>300 mOsm/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the early distal tubule?

<p>Reabsorbs NaCl and decreases plasma osmolarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the decrease in urine osmolarity and increase in urine volume when ADH is inhibited?

<p>Decreased water reabsorption in the late distal tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high ADH on the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

<p>Increases water permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ADH on the free-water clearance (CH2O) in the kidneys?

<p>It decreases CH2O by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why urine cannot be diluted during high water intake or concentrated during water deprivation in the presence of a loop diuretic?

<p>The loop diuretic inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, preventing the production of a corticopapillary osmotic gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the free-water clearance (CH2O)?

<p>CH2O = V - Co (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of urine produced during treatment with a loop diuretic?

<p>It is isosmotic to plasma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ADH on the urine osmolarity in central diabetes insipidus?

<p>It has no effect on urine osmolarity as ADH is absent in central diabetes insipidus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the urine produced during treatment with a loop diuretic and the urine produced in central diabetes insipidus?

<p>The urine produced during treatment with a loop diuretic is isosmotic, while the urine produced in central diabetes insipidus is hypotonic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of PTH on the kidneys?

<p>Stimulating Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

<p>Increasing Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ADH on the kidneys?

<p>Increasing H2O permeability in the late distal tubule and collecting duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys?

<p>Increasing Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of ANP on the kidneys?

<p>Decreasing GFR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of PTH on phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys?

<p>Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperkalemia on NH3 synthesis?

<p>It inhibits NH3 synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disturbance in metabolic acidosis?

<p>Decrease in arteria I [HC03-] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypokalemia on NH3 synthesis?

<p>It stimulates NH3 synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis?

<p>Hyperventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the adaptive response in chronic metabolic acidosis?

<p>Increased NH1 synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a decrease in PCO2 on HCO3- reabsorption in the kidneys?

<p>Decreased HCO3- reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected response to simple acid-base disorders?

<p>The actual response equals the calculated response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys excrete fixed H+?

<p>Titratable acid and NH4+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ECF volume expansion on HCO3- reabsorption?

<p>Decreased HCO3- reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of angiotensin II on HCO3- reabsorption?

<p>Increased HCO3- reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reabsorption of filtered HCO3-, what is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

<p>To catalyze the dissociation of H2CO3 into H+ and HCO3- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of H+-ATPase in the excretion of H+ as titratable acid?

<p>Secretes H+ into the lumen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased PCO2 on the reabsorption of filtered HCO3-?

<p>Increased reabsorption of HCO3- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the filtered load of HCO3- when the plasma HCO3- concentration becomes very high?

<p>The reabsorptive capacity is exceeded, and HCO3- is excreted in the urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on H+-ATPase?

<p>Increases H+-ATPase activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Na+-H+ exchange mechanism in the luminal membrane?

<p>To secrete H+ into the lumen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the reabsorption of filtered HCO3- in the proximal tubule?

<p>Net reabsorption of filtered HCO3- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of HCO3- reabsorption in the nephron?

<p>Early proximal tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Hco,- buffer in the extracellular fluid?

<p>To buffer excess H+ ions produced during metabolic activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the excretion of H+ ions as H2PO4- in the urine?

<p>Titratable acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range within which the imidazole and α-amino groups of proteins have a buffering effect?

<p>pH 7.35-7.45 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the pH of a solution when a weak acid and its conjugate base are present?

<p>pH = pK + log[A-]/[HA] (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following buffers is most effective within 1.0 pH unit of its pK?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of deoxyhemoglobin as a buffer?

<p>To buffer excess H+ ions in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of Ca2+ in the distal tubule?

<p>PTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of ADH on the late distal tubule and collecting duct principal cells?

<p>V2 receptor, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones increases the secretion of K+ in the distal tubule principal cells?

<p>Aldosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ANP on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

<p>Increases GFR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubule?

<p>PTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood volume?

<p>Increases blood volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the major extracellular buffer in the human body?

<p>To remove excess hydrogen ions from the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a minor extracellular buffer in the human body?

<p>Phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pK of the CO2/HCO3- buffer pair?

<p>6.1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hemoglobin in intracellular buffering?

<p>It is a major intracellular buffer in red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

<p>To calculate the pH of a solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of organic phosphates in intracellular buffering?

<p>They are major intracellular buffers in red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a decrease in PCO2 on the rate of HCO3- reabsorption?

<p>Decreased rate of HCO3- reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which angiotensin II contributes to contraction alkalosis?

<p>By stimulating Na+-H+ exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the H+ secreted into the lumen by the H+-ATPase?

<p>It combines with HPO42- to form H2PO4- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ECF volume expansion on HCO3- reabsorption?

<p>Decreased HCO3- reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aldosterone in the excretion of titratable acid?

<p>It stimulates the H+-ATPase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the kidney regulates HCO3- reabsorption in response to changes in ECF volume?

<p>Volume-mediated HCO3- reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum urinary pH?

<p>4.4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product formed when H+ combines with NH3?

<p>NH4+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the amount of NH4+ excreted?

<p>Urine pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which NH3 diffuses from the cells into the lumen?

<p>Diffusion trapping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced in the intercalated cells from CO2 and H2O?

<p>H+ and HC03- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the kidneys excrete excess H+ ions?

<p>Titratable acidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of H+ ions that are secreted into the lumen via the Na+-H+ exchange mechanism?

<p>C02 and H2O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an increase in the filtered load of HCO3- on the rate of HCO3- reabsorption?

<p>Increased rate of HCO3- reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which an increase in PCO2 increases the rate of HCO3- reabsorption?

<p>Increased availability of intracellular H+ for secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the reabsorption of filtered HCO3- in the proximal tubule?

<p>Net reabsorption of HCO3- in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of HCO3- reabsorption in the nephron?

<p>Early proximal tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of brush border carbonic anhydrase in the reabsorption of filtered HCO3-?

<p>Catalyzing the dissociation of H2CO3 into H+ and HCO3- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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