Physiology: Renal
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of mannitol that makes it a suitable marker for ECF?

  • It is a small molecule that can cross cell membranes
  • It is a dye that binds to serum albumin
  • It is a large molecule that cannot cross cell membranes (correct)
  • It is a substance that can only be found in the plasma compartment

    • What is the purpose of allowing the substance to equilibrate in the body?

  • To calculate the volume of distribution
  • To allow the substance to distribute evenly throughout the body fluid compartments (correct)
  • To ensure the substance is excreted in the urine
  • To measure the concentration of the substance in the plasma

    • What is the formula used to calculate the volume of distribution of a substance?

  • Volume = Amount × Concentration
  • Volume = Amount ÷ Concentration (correct)
  • Volume = Concentration / Amount
  • Volume = Amount / Concentration

    • What is the primary function of tritiated water in measuring body fluid compartments?

    <p>To measure the volume of TBW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption about solutes such as NaCl and mannitol?

    <p>They do not cross cell membranes and are confined to the ECF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Evans blue in measuring body fluid compartments?

    <p>To measure the volume of plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the substance during the equilibration period in the sample calculation?

    <p>10% of the substance is excreted in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to plasma protein concentration and hematocrit when there is an infusion of isotonic NaCI?

    <p>They decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the addition of isotonic fluid to the ECF?

    <p>Isosmotic volume expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ECF osmolarity when there is an infusion of isotonic NaCI?

    <p>It remains unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of isotonic fluid from the ECF?

    <p>Isosmotic volume contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to arterial blood pressure when there is an infusion of isotonic NaCI?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated plasma osmolarity if the plasma Na concentration is 140 mEq/L, plasma glucose concentration is 100 mg/dL, and blood urea nitrogen concentration is 20 mg/dL?

    <p>290 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of total body weight that is total body water (TBW)?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of the interstitial fluid compartment if the plasma volume is 3.2 liters and the ECF volume is 14.1 liters?

    <p>10.9 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following markers is used to measure the volume of the intracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of solute particles that determines osmolarity?

    <p>Osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of the volume of the interstitial fluid compartment to the volume of the plasma compartment?

    <p>3:4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ICF volume as a result of sweating in a desert?

    <p>It decreases due to the shift of water out of ICF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperosmotic volume contraction on plasma protein concentration?

    <p>It increases due to the decrease in ECF volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the hematocrit remain unchanged during sweating in a desert?

    <p>Water shifts out of the RBCs, decreasing their volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ECF volume in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

    <p>It increases due to the retention of excess water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperosmotic volume contraction on the osmolarity of the ECF?

    <p>It increases due to the loss of water in the sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of SIADH on the osmolarity of the ECF?

    <p>It decreases due to the retention of excess water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates clearance to urine concentration, urine volume, and plasma concentration?

    <p>C = U × V/P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on renal arterioles at low concentrations?

    <p>Constriction of efferent arterioles and protection of GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on renal function?

    <p>Decrease in GFR and reduction of hyperfiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on renal arterioles?

    <p>Vasodilation of afferent arterioles and vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of cardiac output that is typically represented by renal blood flow (RBF)?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the kidney regulates renal blood flow (RBF)?

    <p>Changing renal vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why inulin is used to measure GFR?

    <p>Because it is freely filtered by the glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate GFR using inulin?

    <p>GFR = [U] x V / [P]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the BUN/creatinine ratio in prerenal azotemia?

    <p>It increases to more than 20:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of age on GFR?

    <p>GFR decreases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which BUN and serum creatinine increase when GFR decreases?

    <p>Increased urea reabsorption in the proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring GFR using inulin clearance?

    <p>To estimate glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of renal plasma flow is normally filtered across the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force for glomerular filtration?

    <p>Net ultrafiltration pressure across the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in filtration fraction on the protein concentration of peritubular capillary blood?

    <p>Increased protein concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that describes the relationship between glomerular filtration rate and the Starling forces?

    <p>GFR = Pgc - πgc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of fluid movement favored by the net ultrafiltration pressure across the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Out of the glomerular capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of renal plasma flow that leaves the glomerular capillaries by the efferent arterioles?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why substances with clearances equal to GFR are considered glomerular markers?

    <p>They are not reabsorbed or secreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a high-K+ diet on the relative clearance of PAH?

    <p>It increases the relative clearance of PAH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the excretion of a weak acid when the urine pH is alkaline?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acidifying the urine on the excretion of a weak base?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which nonionic diffusion affects the excretion of weak acids and weak bases?

    <p>Back-diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances has a clearance higher than GFR?

    <p>PAH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in urine pH on the back-diffusion of a weak acid?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the clearance of a substance is used to measure its excretion?

    <p>It is a measure of the substance's excretion rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the TF/Pinull ratio correct for?

    <p>Water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If TF/Pinull = 2.0, what percentage of filtered water has been reabsorbed?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of TF/PNa+ in the tubular fluid of Bowman space?

    <p>1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If TF/P = 1.0, what can be concluded about the substance?

    <p>There has been no reabsorption or secretion of the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If [TF/P]K+/[TF/P]inull = 0.3 at the end of the proximal tubule, what percentage of filtered K+ remains in the tubular fluid?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of TF/P > 1.0?

    <p>There has been secretion of the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Na+ reabsorption?

    <p>Entire nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of most of the reabsorbed Na+?

    <p>Reabsorbed into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of TF/P ratio in nephron terminology?

    <p>To compare the concentration of a substance in tubular fluid with the concentration in plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to TF/P as water is reabsorbed along the nephron?

    <p>TF/P increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the double ratio [TF/P]K+/[TF/P]inull?

    <p>To calculate the fraction of filtered K+ reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the calculation: 1 - (1/TF/Pinull)?

    <p>Fraction of filtered H2O reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of inulin in nephron terminology?

    <p>It is a freely filtered substance that is not reabsorbed or secreted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a TF/P ratio of 0.8 indicate?

    <p>The concentration of the substance in tubular fluid is 80% of the concentration in plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of TF/P < 1.0?

    <p>The concentration of the substance in tubular fluid is less than in plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using TF/P ratio in nephron terminology?

    <p>It allows for the comparison of the concentration of a substance in tubular fluid with the concentration in plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a high-K+ diet on the principal cells?

    <p>It increases K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the a-intercalated cells to reabsorb K+?

    <p>H+, K+-ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on K+ secretion?

    <p>It increases K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a low-K+ diet on the electrochemical driving force for K+?

    <p>It decreases the driving force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alkalosis on K+ secretion?

    <p>It increases K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thiazide diuretics on K+ secretion?

    <p>It decreases K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on K+ secretion?

    <p>It increases K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acidosis on K+ secretion?

    <p>It decreases K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of K+-sparing diuretics in combination with other diuretics?

    <p>To reduce urinary K+ losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of urea secretion in the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ADH on urea reabsorption in the inner medullary collecting ducts?

    <p>Increases urea reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of triamterene and amiloride in the nephron?

    <p>Act directly on principal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of filtered urea that is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in luminal anions on K+ secretion in the nephron?

    <p>Increases K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of urea secretion in the nephron?

    <p>Thin descending limb of the loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does urea excretion vary with urine flow rate?

    <p>Increases with increased urine flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high levels of water reabsorption, what happens to urea reabsorption?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of filtered phosphate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on phosphate reabsorption?

    <p>It decreases phosphate reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of 15% of the filtered phosphate load?

    <p>It is excreted in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loop diuretics on urinary calcium excretion?

    <p>It increases urinary calcium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma calcium is filtered across the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of calcium reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Passive process coupled to sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) on phosphate reabsorption?

    <p>It decreases phosphate reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney?

    <p>By stimulating the synthesis of new sodium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney?

    <p>Increased water permeability in the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the kidney regulates potassium balance?

    <p>By adjusting potassium secretion in the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on the intercalated cells of the kidney?

    <p>Increased hydrogen ion secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which K+-sparing diuretics decrease potassium secretion?

    <p>By inhibiting the action of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a shift of potassium from the intracellular fluid (ICF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the kidney regulates potassium excretion?

    <p>By adjusting potassium secretion in the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on potassium reabsorption in the kidney?

    <p>Increased potassium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on potassium secretion?

    <p>Increased K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in response to acidosis in the principal cells?

    <p>H+ enters the cell, K+ leaves the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loop and thiazide diuretics on potassium secretion?

    <p>Increased K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which loop and thiazide diuretics increase potassium secretion?

    <p>Increased Na+ delivery to the late distal tubule and collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alkalosis on potassium secretion?

    <p>Increased K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which K+-sparing diuretics decrease potassium secretion?

    <p>The mechanism is not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acidosis on the intracellular potassium concentration?

    <p>Decreased intracellular K+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why loop and thiazide diuretics cause hypokalemia?

    <p>Increased potassium secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the nephron?

    <p>Stimulation of water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vasa recta capillaries in the medulla?

    <p>Maintenance of the corticopapillary osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle?

    <p>Stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate in the proximal tubule?

    <p>300 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtered water is reabsorbed isosmotically in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Two-thirds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urea recycling in the medulla?

    <p>Stimulation of urea recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ADH in the collecting ducts?

    <p>To increase the water permeability of the principal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity of the final urine in the presence of ADH?

    <p>1200 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of low circulating levels of ADH or ineffective ADH?

    <p>Production of dilute urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ADH on countercurrent multiplication and urea recycling?

    <p>ADH stimulates countercurrent multiplication and urea recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity of the tubular fluid at the bend of the loop of Henle and the tip of the papilla?

    <p>1200 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of osmotic equilibration with the corticopapillary gradient in the presence of ADH?

    <p>TF/P &gt; 1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the absence of ADH?

    <p>Reabsorbing NaCl without water, and making the tubular fluid dilute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cells in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts in the absence of ADH?

    <p>Impermeable to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring free-water clearance (CH2O)?

    <p>To estimate the ability to dilute the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which segments of the nephron is free water produced?

    <p>Thick ascending limb and early distal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum osmolarity of the final urine in the absence of ADH?

    <p>50 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the tubular fluid in the early distal tubule in the absence of ADH?

    <p>It becomes more dilute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

    <p>Reabsorbs NaCl and decreases plasma osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ADH on the principal cells of the late distal tubule?

    <p>Increases H2O permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity of the tubular fluid at the end of the distal tubule?

    <p>300 mOsm/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the early distal tubule?

    <p>Reabsorbs NaCl and decreases plasma osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the decrease in urine osmolarity and increase in urine volume when ADH is inhibited?

    <p>Decreased water reabsorption in the late distal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high ADH on the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

    <p>Increases water permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ADH on the free-water clearance (CH2O) in the kidneys?

    <p>It decreases CH2O by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why urine cannot be diluted during high water intake or concentrated during water deprivation in the presence of a loop diuretic?

    <p>The loop diuretic inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, preventing the production of a corticopapillary osmotic gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the free-water clearance (CH2O)?

    <p>CH2O = V - Co</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of urine produced during treatment with a loop diuretic?

    <p>It is isosmotic to plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ADH on the urine osmolarity in central diabetes insipidus?

    <p>It has no effect on urine osmolarity as ADH is absent in central diabetes insipidus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the urine produced during treatment with a loop diuretic and the urine produced in central diabetes insipidus?

    <p>The urine produced during treatment with a loop diuretic is isosmotic, while the urine produced in central diabetes insipidus is hypotonic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of PTH on the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulating Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

    <p>Increasing Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ADH on the kidneys?

    <p>Increasing H2O permeability in the late distal tubule and collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys?

    <p>Increasing Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of ANP on the kidneys?

    <p>Decreasing GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PTH on phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreasing phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperkalemia on NH3 synthesis?

    <p>It inhibits NH3 synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disturbance in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Decrease in arteria I [HC03-]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypokalemia on NH3 synthesis?

    <p>It stimulates NH3 synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptive response in chronic metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increased NH1 synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in PCO2 on HCO3- reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected response to simple acid-base disorders?

    <p>The actual response equals the calculated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys excrete fixed H+?

    <p>Titratable acid and NH4+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ECF volume expansion on HCO3- reabsorption?

    <p>Decreased HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on HCO3- reabsorption?

    <p>Increased HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reabsorption of filtered HCO3-, what is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

    <p>To catalyze the dissociation of H2CO3 into H+ and HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of H+-ATPase in the excretion of H+ as titratable acid?

    <p>Secretes H+ into the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased PCO2 on the reabsorption of filtered HCO3-?

    <p>Increased reabsorption of HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the filtered load of HCO3- when the plasma HCO3- concentration becomes very high?

    <p>The reabsorptive capacity is exceeded, and HCO3- is excreted in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on H+-ATPase?

    <p>Increases H+-ATPase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Na+-H+ exchange mechanism in the luminal membrane?

    <p>To secrete H+ into the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reabsorption of filtered HCO3- in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Net reabsorption of filtered HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of HCO3- reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>Early proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Hco,- buffer in the extracellular fluid?

    <p>To buffer excess H+ ions produced during metabolic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the excretion of H+ ions as H2PO4- in the urine?

    <p>Titratable acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range within which the imidazole and α-amino groups of proteins have a buffering effect?

    <p>pH 7.35-7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the pH of a solution when a weak acid and its conjugate base are present?

    <p>pH = pK + log[A-]/[HA]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buffers is most effective within 1.0 pH unit of its pK?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of deoxyhemoglobin as a buffer?

    <p>To buffer excess H+ ions in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of Ca2+ in the distal tubule?

    <p>PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ADH on the late distal tubule and collecting duct principal cells?

    <p>V2 receptor, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones increases the secretion of K+ in the distal tubule principal cells?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ANP on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Increases GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubule?

    <p>PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood volume?

    <p>Increases blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the major extracellular buffer in the human body?

    <p>To remove excess hydrogen ions from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a minor extracellular buffer in the human body?

    <p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pK of the CO2/HCO3- buffer pair?

    <p>6.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hemoglobin in intracellular buffering?

    <p>It is a major intracellular buffer in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

    <p>To calculate the pH of a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of organic phosphates in intracellular buffering?

    <p>They are major intracellular buffers in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in PCO2 on the rate of HCO3- reabsorption?

    <p>Decreased rate of HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which angiotensin II contributes to contraction alkalosis?

    <p>By stimulating Na+-H+ exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the H+ secreted into the lumen by the H+-ATPase?

    <p>It combines with HPO42- to form H2PO4-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ECF volume expansion on HCO3- reabsorption?

    <p>Decreased HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in the excretion of titratable acid?

    <p>It stimulates the H+-ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the kidney regulates HCO3- reabsorption in response to changes in ECF volume?

    <p>Volume-mediated HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum urinary pH?

    <p>4.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product formed when H+ combines with NH3?

    <p>NH4+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the amount of NH4+ excreted?

    <p>Urine pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which NH3 diffuses from the cells into the lumen?

    <p>Diffusion trapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced in the intercalated cells from CO2 and H2O?

    <p>H+ and HC03-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the kidneys excrete excess H+ ions?

    <p>Titratable acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of H+ ions that are secreted into the lumen via the Na+-H+ exchange mechanism?

    <p>C02 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an increase in the filtered load of HCO3- on the rate of HCO3- reabsorption?

    <p>Increased rate of HCO3- reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which an increase in PCO2 increases the rate of HCO3- reabsorption?

    <p>Increased availability of intracellular H+ for secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the reabsorption of filtered HCO3- in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Net reabsorption of HCO3- in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of HCO3- reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>Early proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of brush border carbonic anhydrase in the reabsorption of filtered HCO3-?

    <p>Catalyzing the dissociation of H2CO3 into H+ and HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

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