Physiology and Homeostasis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is hemostasis primarily responsible for in the body?

  • Maintaining oxygen levels
  • Controlling body temperature
  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Forming blood clots to stop bleeding (correct)

Which of the following is regulated to maintain homeostasis in the body?

  • Temperature variations during sleep
  • Amount of visual stimuli received
  • Frequency of heartbeats
  • Concentration of energy-rich molecules (correct)

What is the optimal pH level that the body aims to maintain?

  • 6.8
  • 7.4 (correct)
  • 8.0
  • 7.0

Why is it important to regulate the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the body?

<p>To avoid acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Claude Bernard refer to with the term 'Le milieu interieur'?

<p>The internal environment of mammals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system as described?

<p>To serve as a protective barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adjustments in skin blood flow contribute to the body?

<p>They aid in temperature regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organ system is NOT listed in the content?

<p>Respiratory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of physiology is emphasized as integrative?

<p>Physiology as a discipline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following levels of physiological organization is listed last?

<p>System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the American Journal of Physiology?

<p>It was established in 1898. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiologist is known for contributions to psychophysiology?

<p>Ivan Pavlov (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the discovery of Ringer's solution?

<p>Sydney Ringer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the International Union of Physiological Societies (IUPS) established?

<p>1953 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological concept is linked with the tendency towards a stable equilibrium?

<p>Homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the Magendie sign?

<p>Francois Magendie (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physiologists won a Nobel Prize for his work in electrophysiology?

<p>Willem Einthoven (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device is Angelo Mosso associated with?

<p>Ergograph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

<p>Decrease in renal perfusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of angiotensin 2 in the body?

<p>To enhance sodium and chloride reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?

<p>ACE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system acts through electrical signals for rapid responses in the body?

<p>Nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?

<p>It reinforces sodium and chloride reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system function as a negative feedback mechanism?

<p>By responding to disturbances in blood pressure and returning it to normal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT directly influenced by angiotensin 2?

<p>Glucose metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

<p>To regulate processes requiring longer duration via hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of desmosomes?

<p>To bind two different cells together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes tight junctions?

<p>They create impermeable barriers between cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of fibronectin?

<p>It facilitates adhesion between cells and extracellular matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell structure is closely related to the ability of a cell to send signals to other cells?

<p>Cell signaling systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a cell detects a change in its environment?

<p>The cell has the ability to respond and react (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cadherins function in desmosomes?

<p>They form inter-cellular links between different cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction primarily maintains the impermeability of epithelial layers?

<p>Tight junctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of cell signaling?

<p>It can involve long-distance communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in the context of homeostasis?

<p>To maintain a balance of water and electrolytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is triggered when a controlled variable changes and the response opposes that change?

<p>Negative Feedback Mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'regulators' in the context of homeostatic abilities?

<p>Animals that actively maintain constant internal conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation?

<p>It integrates sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a positive feedback mechanism, what happens to the controlled variable?

<p>It continues to enhance the original stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the negative feedback mechanism?

<p>Regulator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals can be classified as 'conformers'?

<p>Bony fish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sensors in homeostatic mechanisms?

<p>To detect changes in the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Hemostasis

The process by which the body stops bleeding by forming blood clots.

Concentration of energy-rich molecules

The concentration of energy-rich molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, must be maintained at a stable level to provide energy and building blocks for cells.

Concentration of O2 and CO2

The concentration of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood must be carefully controlled. Cells need O2 to function, and CO2 is a waste product that must be removed.

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Concentration of waste products

The concentration of waste products, such as carbon dioxide and urea, must be kept at a stable level to prevent toxicity.

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Physiology

The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

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The American Journal of Physiology

A scientific journal dedicated to the field of physiology. Founded in 1898.

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The Journal de Physiology (Paris)

A scientific journal dedicated to the field of physiology. Founded in 1906.

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Skandinaviches Archiv fur Physiologie

A scientific journal dedicated to the field of physiology. Founded in 1889.

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Ivan Pavlov

A famous physiologist known for his work in psychophysiology, particularly the study of conditioned reflexes.

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Charles Sherrington

A prominent physiologist who made significant contributions to neurophysiology, particularly the understanding of the nervous system.

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Otto Frank and Ernest Starling

A prominent physiologist who made significant contributions to cardiovascular physiology and hormone research.

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Integumentary system function

The integumentary system acts as a protective barrier between the body and the external environment.

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Integumentary system and temperature regulation

The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature by adjusting blood flow to the skin.

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What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Whole-body control systems

Systems that maintain the body's stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Support and movement systems

Systems that provide support and movement for the body.

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How is homeostasis achieved?

The body's systems work together to regulate internal conditions, such as body temperature, blood sugar, and pH.

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What is negative feedback?

A control mechanism that opposes any change from the set point, returning it to normal.

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Maintenance systems

Systems that carry out essential functions to maintain the body's health.

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What is positive feedback?

A control mechanism that amplifies the initial change, moving the controlled variable further away from the set point.

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What are regulators?

Organisms that can maintain a stable internal environment regardless of external changes.

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What are conformers?

Organisms whose internal environment fluctuates with external changes.

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What are avoiders?

Organisms that avoid unfavorable environments by migrating or seeking shelter.

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Why is homeostasis important?

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external factors.

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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A feedback mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure by adjusting the volume of fluids in the body.

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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A specialized structure in the kidney that senses low blood pressure and releases renin.

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Renin

An enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus that initiates the RAAS.

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Angiotensinogen

A protein produced by the liver that is converted by renin into angiotensin I.

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Angiotensin II

A hormone that increases vasoconstriction and triggers the release of aldosterone.

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Aldosterone

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Nervous System

The system that uses electrical signals for fast communication in the body.

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Endocrine System

The system that uses hormones for slow but long-lasting communication.

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Collagen

A type of protein found in connective tissues, such as skin, bones, and tendons. It provides strength and flexibility.

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Elastin

A protein that provides elasticity to tissues, allowing them to stretch and recoil. Found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs.

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Fibronectin

A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix, providing structure and support. It also plays a role in cell signaling and wound healing.

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Cell Junctions

Specialized junctions between cells that hold them together and allow communication between them.

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Desmosomes

A type of cell junction that provides strong adhesion between cells. They are abundant in tissues that experience stress, such as skin and heart muscle.

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Tight Junctions

A type of cell junction that forms a tight seal between cells, preventing leakage of fluids and molecules. Often found in tissues that line cavities or organs.

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Cell Signaling

The ability of cells to communicate with each other by sending and receiving signals. This allows cells to coordinate their activities and maintain homeostasis.

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Cell Responsiveness

The ability of cells to respond to changes in their environment. This is essential for maintaining homeostasis and survival.

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Study Notes

Veterinary Physiology Introduction

  • Physiology studies the functions of organisms, explaining how life processes work.
  • It's an integrative discipline, building from homeostasis and integration.
  • Understanding animal health is crucial for veterinarians.

Importance of Physiology

  • Explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for life's origin, development, and progression.
  • Highlights the importance of genetic engineering.
  • Aids in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and explains how illnesses occur.
  • Provides foundational knowledge for veterinary clinical experiences.

Applications of Physiology for Veterinarians

  • Enables veterinarians to understand normal body functions.
  • Helps diagnose and treat health problems.
  • Provides a basis for medical research, with implications for improved treatments.

Adaptation

  • Organisms adapt to environment changes to stay alive.
  • This is demonstrated by certain animals like tokay geckos who adapted to new environments.

History of Physiology

  • William Harvey's work on blood circulation started the field of physiology.
  • Development continued with other influential scientists such as Kant, Von Schelling, Ludwig, Bernard, and Darwin.
  • Important milestones in science were recorded.

Veterinary Physiology Topics

  • Homeostasis and body systems' interdependent relationship for maintaining life.
  • Homeostatic mechanisms regulate internal environment factors (energy molecules, O2 & CO2, waste products, and electrolytes).
  • The ability to form clots (hemostasis) to prevent bleeding.
  • Maintaining internal environment in the face of disturbances is important.

Integration of Systems

  • Physiology integrating knowledge from different disciplines for a comprehensive understanding.
  • Anatomy, chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and genetics.

Functional Organization of the Body

  • Structures organized from molecules to cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems to form a functioning organism.

Physiological Systems in the Body

  • Systems listed, with examples of functions and characteristics. This includes the integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, urinary, digestive, endocrine, immune, and musculoskeletal systems.

Cellular Physiology

  • Cells are distinct from inanimate matter.
  • Cells grow from single cells to multicellular via mitosis.
  • Cells replicate (Mitotes and Meiosis) for reproduction, growth, or repair of tissues.
  • Cells undergo complex metabolic reactions (Kreb cycle) for energy production.

Molecular Physiology

  • Importance of organic and inorganic molecules in body functions.
  • Carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and other inorganic molecules for life's processes.

Role of Membranous Organelles

  • Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and peroxisomes are important for cells' functions.
  • These organelles help synthesize, package, transport, and break down molecules within a cell.
  • Mitochondria's role in energy production.

Oxygen Deficiency and Anaerobic Reactions

  • When oxygen is limited, glycolysis is the main pathway for ATP production.
  • Production of lactate will result in lower pH.
  • The use of ATP production becomes paramount to sustain normal body functions.

Membrane Transport

  • Membranes separate cells and their surroundings, selectively controlling transfer of substances.
  • Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) does not require energy and follows concentration gradients.
  • Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against concentration gradients.

Intercellular Communication

  • Cells communicate directly (gap junctions, transient links, nanotubes) or indirectly (paracrines, neurotransmitters, hormones, neurohormones, pheromones, and cytokines).

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VPhy 101: Veterinary Physiology Midterm PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of physiology and the mechanisms of homeostasis in the body. This quiz covers essential topics including hemostasis, pH regulation, and the integumentary system. Challenge yourself with questions about historical figures and physiological principles.

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