Homeostasis and Body Systems

Organisms with simple body structures. An example is sponges.

Organisms with moderately complex body structures, incorporating multiple cell types and tissues. Slugs and snails are examples of this group.

Organisms with highly complex structures, featuring specialized organs and organ systems. Examples include birds.

A hierarchical system where structures are organized from least to most complex.

The basic building block of all living things. They can be specialized to perform specific functions.

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

A structure composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

A group of organs that work together to carry out a vital body function.

Breathing in oxygen (O2) and releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) - essential for energy production.

Direct inhalation of smoke by the smoker.

Inhalation of smoke by non-smokers exposed to it.

A serious respiratory illness that emerged in 2003 and spread globally.

A contagious disease that can be transmitted through close contact with infected individuals.

The movement of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes.

Involves taking in oxygen (O2) and releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) - essential for energy production.

The system responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells.

Fish get oxygen by moving water over their gills.

Fish use their mouths to create a flow of water over their gills to extract oxygen.

Some fish need to swim continuously to maintain a constant flow of oxygenated water over their gills.

Tuberculosis is a contagious disease primarily affecting the lungs.

TB bacteria can be dormant in the body for decades after initial contact.

TB can be successfully treated with medication.

Tobacco smoke is a major risk factor for respiratory diseases, including cancers.

Tobacco smoke contains many carcinogens, which can cause cancers in various parts of the body.

Lung cancer, mouth cancer, esophageal cancer, larynx cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer are some of the cancers linked to tobacco smoke.

Both first-hand and second-hand smoke exposure can negatively impact the respiratory system.

Blood's primary function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, ensuring cells receive oxygen needed for energy production and removing waste carbon dioxide.

Blood is a vital fluid that carries nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells for building blocks and energy. It also removes waste products produced by cells, such as urea, for elimination.

Blood flow helps maintain a stable body temperature by distributing heat throughout the body. Blood vessels can constrict to conserve heat in a cold environment and dilate to release heat in a warm environment.

Blood carries hormones, chemical messengers produced by glands, throughout the body. These hormones regulate various bodily functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its volume. It contains dissolved substances like gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products, allowing for the transportation and distribution of necessary elements.

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Inside these cells is hemoglobin, a protein that readily binds to oxygen molecules.

White blood cells are part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. They recognize and destroy invading bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.

Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets gather at the site and release factors that initiate the clotting cascade, forming a plug to stop bleeding.

Breathing is an unconscious process controlled by the body, not our conscious thoughts. We don't need to will ourselves to breathe, it happens automatically.

A specific area in the brain monitors the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. When levels rise, the brain kicks into action to fix it.

An increase in CO2 levels triggers the brain to send signals to the diaphragm, rib muscles, and heart. This results in increased breathing rate and heart rate.

The increased breathing rate and heart rate work together to expel more CO2 and supply more oxygen, effectively addressing the imbalance.

All living organisms need oxygen to survive and need to get rid of CO2 as a waste product.

Oxygen moves into the body, and carbon dioxide moves out, through a natural process called diffusion.

Animals like mammals have complex respiratory systems with lungs, alveoli, and capillaries for gas exchange.

Many organisms have simpler respiratory systems, like insects using tracheal tubes or fish using gills.

Fish use gills, specialized organs designed for gas exchange in water, to survive underwater.

Oxygen from the water enters the blood in the gills, while carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the water.

The process of gas exchange in fish. Occurs in the gills where oxygen diffuses from water into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into the water.

An infectious disease caused by bacteria that can affect the lungs and spread to other parts of the body.

A respiratory illness that emerged in China in 2002 and spread globally. Caused by a virus, it leads to respiratory complications.

A contagious respiratory illness caused by a virus that can cause severe respiratory complications. Declared a global pandemic in 2020.

The practice of transferring tissue or organs from one individual to another.

The process of using tissue or organs from a deceased donor to transplant into a recipient.

The process of transplanting an organ or tissue from one species to another.

The system that supports the body, protects organs, and enables movement. It consists of bones and skeletal muscle.

Bones provide structure, support, and protection for the body. They also enable movement by interacting with muscles.

The musculoskeletal system is composed of bones and muscles. Bones provide structure and support, while muscles enable movement.

A break or fracture in a bone.

The body's natural defense system that attacks foreign substances, such as transplanted organs.

Drugs that suppress the immune system to prevent rejection of transplanted organs.

A condition where a recipient's immune system attacks a transplanted organ, recognizing it as foreign material.

The process of finding a suitable recipient for a donated organ based on medical need and compatibility factors.

The state of balance in the body's internal environment, maintaining stable conditions like temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate.

System responsible for breathing in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide, a vital process for energy production.

System responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste.

System that controls and coordinates all other body systems, directing actions and responses.

The liver produces bile, a fluid that aids in the breakdown of fats during digestion.

The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which is produced by the liver, into the digestive tract.

The pancreas plays a crucial role in digestion by producing enzymes that further break down food. It also produces insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels.

Diabetes is a disease characterized by either too much or too little insulin production by the pancreas, leading to imbalances in blood glucose levels.

The digestive system takes in food, breaks it down, and absorbs nutrients, ultimately excreting waste. It functions like a long tube with openings at either end.

The fluid portion of blood that contains dissolved substances like gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen molecules, allowing them to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Small fragments of bone marrow cells that function in blood clotting.

The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The atria receive blood, and the ventricles discharge blood.

The heart acts as a double pump, divided by a septum. This allows it to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood effectively.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood back to the heart.

Valves prevent backflow of blood, ensuring blood flows in the correct direction within the heart.

The ability to move from one place to another, using the skeletal and muscular systems working together.

Bones protect vital internal organs, like the heart, lungs, and brain.

Bone marrow, located within bones, produces red and white blood cells, essential for carrying oxygen and fighting infections.

Bones store essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, providing strength and rigidity to the skeletal structure.

The tough membrane covering the bone, providing protection and a place for blood vessels and nerves.

Dense, hard bone tissue found beneath the periosteum, containing living bone cells called osteocytes.

Soft, spongy tissue located beneath compact bone, containing a network of small spaces.

Soft, spongy material found within the center of long bones, containing stem cells that produce blood cells.

A semi-solid, flexible tissue made of chondrocytes, found in joints and the nose, providing cushioning and support.

The process of cartilage gradually turning into bone, allowing bones to grow and harden.

A process by which cells become specialized, developing unique shapes, contents, and functions.

An undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cell types. They are like blank slates that can become various types of cells.

The process of taking in food, breaking it down into usable nutrients, and excreting waste.

A continuous tube that food passes through during digestion, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus.

Organs that aid in digestion but are not part of the main digestive tract. These organs contribute to the digestive process by producing substances or regulating functions.

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, transporting food using involuntary muscle contractions.

The organ where food is churned and further broken down with the aid of enzymes and acids.

Approximately 6 meters long, it is the primary site of nutrient absorption. Many nutrients diffuse through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream.

About 1.5 meters long, it absorbs water from undigested food and forms solid waste (faeces), which is excreted through the anus.

The process of renewing or repairing damaged tissues in the body. The ability of tissues to repair themselves.

A field of research focusing on regenerating human body tissues and parts that do not naturally regenerate.

A specialized tissue that provides support and protection for various parts of the body. Examples include bones, cartilage, and tendons.