Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is considered a physical reaction to a stressor?
Which of the following is considered a physical reaction to a stressor?
- Decreased blood sugar
- Decreased blood pressure
- Increased urinary output
- Increased heart rate (correct)
- Decreased breathing rate
Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by ____.
Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by ____.
- Causing weight loss
- Increasing protein synthesis
- Causing sodium and water retention
- Increasing the release of cortisol (correct)
- Using up all body reserves
Which of these assessments would help to identify an endocrine problem in a child?
Which of these assessments would help to identify an endocrine problem in a child?
- Vision testing as early as possible
- Evaluating the child's joint mobility
- Tracking the child's development on a standard growth chart (correct)
- Evaluating the child's speech patterns
- Evaluating the child's balance and gait as soon as he or she begins to walk
Chessie will have surgery next week to have her pituitary gland removed. She asks what effects this might have on her overall health. Which of the following conditions could she experience after this type of surgery?
Chessie will have surgery next week to have her pituitary gland removed. She asks what effects this might have on her overall health. Which of the following conditions could she experience after this type of surgery?
Which of the following hormone categories requires G-protein to activate enzymes inside a cell?
Which of the following hormone categories requires G-protein to activate enzymes inside a cell?
Which type of hormone can cross a cell membrane easily?
Which type of hormone can cross a cell membrane easily?
Which hormones are made of amino acids and do not cross cell membranes easily?
Which hormones are made of amino acids and do not cross cell membranes easily?
Which of the following local hormones that typically are produced close to their target cells are produced by many body organs?
Which of the following local hormones that typically are produced close to their target cells are produced by many body organs?
The ____ hormones turn genes on or off in the nucleus.
The ____ hormones turn genes on or off in the nucleus.
Which gland or organ secretes epinephrine and aldosterone?
Which gland or organ secretes epinephrine and aldosterone?
The ____ gland secretes the hormone calcitonin.
The ____ gland secretes the hormone calcitonin.
Which gland or organ secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Which gland or organ secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Which gland or organ has cells that release glucagon?
Which gland or organ has cells that release glucagon?
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the ____.A) anterior pituitary gland B) parathyroid gland C) posterior pituitary gland D) adrenal gland E) pineal body
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the ____.A) anterior pituitary gland B) parathyroid gland C) posterior pituitary gland D) adrenal gland E) pineal body
Which gland or organ releases luteinizing hormone? A) Anterior pituitary B) Parathyroid C) Posterior pituitary D) Adrenal E) Gonads
Which gland or organ releases luteinizing hormone? A) Anterior pituitary B) Parathyroid C) Posterior pituitary D) Adrenal E) Gonads
The ____ gland releases PTH. A) anterior pituitary B) parathyroid C) posterior pituitary D) adrenal E) thyroid
The ____ gland releases PTH. A) anterior pituitary B) parathyroid C) posterior pituitary D) adrenal E) thyroid
Which hormone stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal? A) Aldosterone B) FSH C) Calcitonin D) TSH E) Oxytocin
Which hormone stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal? A) Aldosterone B) FSH C) Calcitonin D) TSH E) Oxytocin
Which of these hormones decreases blood sugar? A) Aldosterone B) Insulin C) Cortisol D) Glucagon E) Estrogen
Which of these hormones decreases blood sugar? A) Aldosterone B) Insulin C) Cortisol D) Glucagon E) Estrogen
Which hormone increases blood sugar? A) Aldosterone B) Thyroid hormones C) Cortisol D) Glucagon E) Insulin
Which hormone increases blood sugar? A) Aldosterone B) Thyroid hormones C) Cortisol D) Glucagon E) Insulin
Which hormone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water and is important for maintaining blood pressure? A) Aldosterone B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone C) Cortisol D) Calcitonin E) Epinephrine
Which hormone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water and is important for maintaining blood pressure? A) Aldosterone B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone C) Cortisol D) Calcitonin E) Epinephrine
Which hormone increases energy production by cells, stimulates protein synthesis, and speeds up the repair of damaged tissues?
Which hormone increases energy production by cells, stimulates protein synthesis, and speeds up the repair of damaged tissues?
The hormone ____ lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts, which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue.
The hormone ____ lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts, which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue.
The hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones is ____.
The hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones is ____.
Which of the following hormones decreases protein synthesis and inflammation?
Which of the following hormones decreases protein synthesis and inflammation?
The ____ secretes a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates blood cell production.
The ____ secretes a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates blood cell production.
The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is released by which organ?
The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is released by which organ?
Which of the following releases melatonin, which regulates a person's biological clock?
Which of the following releases melatonin, which regulates a person's biological clock?
The ____ releases thymosin, which promotes the production of T cells.
The ____ releases thymosin, which promotes the production of T cells.
Which of the following stimulates red blood cell production?
Which of the following stimulates red blood cell production?
____ regulates circadian rhythms.
____ regulates circadian rhythms.
Which hormone, released by the heart, regulates blood pressure?
Which hormone, released by the heart, regulates blood pressure?
The hormone that stimulates production of T lymphocytes is ____.
The hormone that stimulates production of T lymphocytes is ____.
Which of the following is the result of excess growth hormone in children?
Which of the following is the result of excess growth hormone in children?
A high glucose level due to the inadequate secretion of insulin is ____.
A high glucose level due to the inadequate secretion of insulin is ____.
Which of the following is the result of an excess in growth hormone in adults?
Which of the following is the result of an excess in growth hormone in adults?
____ is due to congenital hypothyroidism.
____ is due to congenital hypothyroidism.
In which of the following conditions is too much cortisol produced?
In which of the following conditions is too much cortisol produced?
____ is a condition in which too little growth hormone is produced in childhood.
____ is a condition in which too little growth hormone is produced in childhood.
When a person develops antibodies that attack the thyroid gland, causing the thyroid to produce too many thyroid hormones, that person has ____.A) dwarfism B) gigantism C) Graves' disease D) myxedema E) Addison's disease
When a person develops antibodies that attack the thyroid gland, causing the thyroid to produce too many thyroid hormones, that person has ____.A) dwarfism B) gigantism C) Graves' disease D) myxedema E) Addison's disease
When the thyroid gland does not produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormones, a condition called ____ may result.
When the thyroid gland does not produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormones, a condition called ____ may result.
For which of the following disorders might you expect the physician to test based on Clara Simmons' symptoms of weight gain, puffy hands and feet, low blood pressure, heart rate of 56, and respirations of 12?
For which of the following disorders might you expect the physician to test based on Clara Simmons' symptoms of weight gain, puffy hands and feet, low blood pressure, heart rate of 56, and respirations of 12?
For which of the following disorders might you expect the physician to test based on Richard's symptoms of insomnia, weight loss, racing heart, and anxiety?
For which of the following disorders might you expect the physician to test based on Richard's symptoms of insomnia, weight loss, racing heart, and anxiety?
Mr. Harrison's symptoms of hands and feet enlargement, gaps between teeth, and a pituitary tumor diagnosis are typical of which disorder?
Mr. Harrison's symptoms of hands and feet enlargement, gaps between teeth, and a pituitary tumor diagnosis are typical of which disorder?
A person with ___ will have thin skin, high glucose levels, thin extremities, and a large abdomen.
A person with ___ will have thin skin, high glucose levels, thin extremities, and a large abdomen.
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Study Notes
Physical Reaction to Stressor
- Increased heart rate is a physical reaction to a stressor
Effects of Prolonged Stress
- Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by increasing the release of cortisol
Assessing Endocrine Problems in Children
- Tracking the child's development on a standard growth chart helps to identify an endocrine problem
Effects of Pituitary Gland Removal
- Removal of the pituitary gland can lead to hypothyroidism, disturbed circadian rhythms, and diabetes
Hormone Categories
- Nonsteroidal hormones require G-protein to activate enzymes inside a cell
Hormone Characteristics
- Steroidal hormones can cross a cell membrane easily
- Nonsteroidal hormones, made of amino acids, do not cross cell membranes easily
Hormone Types
- Local hormones are produced close to their target cells and are produced by many body organs.
- Nonsteroidal hormones are a type of local hormone.
- Prostaglandins are a type of local hormone.
Steroidal Hormones
- Steroidal hormones turn genes on or off in the nucleus.
- They are not produced by many body organs like local hormones.
Adrenal Gland
- The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and aldosterone.
- It is not responsible for secreting growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid gland secretes the hormone calcitonin.
- It is not responsible for secreting growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Pituitary Gland
- The anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
- It is not responsible for secreting epinephrine and aldosterone.
Pancreas
- The pancreas has cells that release glucagon.
- It is not responsible for secreting epinephrine and aldosterone.
Hormone Regulation
- Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary gland.
- Luteinizing hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland.
Parathyroid Gland Function
- The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone).
Hormone Functions
- Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal.
- Insulin decreases blood sugar levels.
- Glucagon increases blood sugar levels.
- Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, which is important for maintaining blood pressure.
Hormone Overview
- Cortisol increases blood sugar levels and is involved in various bodily functions.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production.
- Calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation.
- Epinephrine is involved in the body's "fight or flight" response.
Stress Response
- A physical reaction to a stressor is an increased heart rate.
- Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by increasing the release of cortisol.
Endocrine System
- Tracking a child's development on a standard growth chart can help identify an endocrine problem.
Pituitary Gland
- Removing the pituitary gland can cause hypothyroidism or disturbed circadian rhythms.
Hormone Categories
- Nonsteroidal hormones require G-protein to activate enzymes inside a cell.
- Steroidal hormones can cross a cell membrane easily.
- Nonsteroidal hormones, made of amino acids, do not cross cell membranes easily.
- Prostaglandins are local hormones produced by many body organs.
- Steroidal hormones turn genes on or off in the nucleus.
Endocrine Glands
- The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and aldosterone.
- The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin.
- The anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
- The pancreas contains cells that release glucagon.
- The posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
- The anterior pituitary gland releases luteinizing hormone.
- The parathyroid gland releases PTH.
Hormone Functions
- Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal.
- Insulin decreases blood sugar.
- Glucagon increases blood sugar.
- Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, which is important for maintaining blood pressure.
Hormone Regulation
- Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary gland.
- Luteinizing hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland.
Parathyroid Gland Function
- The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone).
Hormone Functions
- Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal.
- Insulin decreases blood sugar levels.
- Glucagon increases blood sugar levels.
- Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, which is important for maintaining blood pressure.
Hormone Overview
- Cortisol increases blood sugar levels and is involved in various bodily functions.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production.
- Calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation.
- Epinephrine is involved in the body's "fight or flight" response.
Hormone Functions
- Thyroid hormones increase energy production by cells, stimulate protein synthesis, and speed up the repair of damaged tissues.
- Cortisol decreases protein synthesis and increases inflammation.
- Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts, which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue.
Hormone Regulation
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones.
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the release of cortisol.
- Erythropoietin, secreted by the kidney, stimulates blood cell production.
Organ Functions
- The heart releases the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide.
- The pineal body, heart, thymus, and pancreas are not involved in the secretion of erythropoietin.
- The kidney secretes erythropoietin, which stimulates blood cell production.
Endocrine System
- The pineal body releases melatonin, which regulates a person's biological clock.
- The thymus releases thymosin, which promotes the production of T cells.
- Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.
- Melatonin regulates circadian rhythms.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide, released by the heart, regulates blood pressure.
- Thymosin stimulates the production of T lymphocytes.
- The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones, and a deficiency can lead to myxedema.
- Dwarfism, gigantism, Graves' disease, and Addison's disease are other related endocrine disorders.
Hormone-Related Disorders
- Excess growth hormone in children leads to Gigantism
- High glucose level due to inadequate insulin secretion is Diabetes Mellitus
- Excess growth hormone in adults leads to Acromegaly
- Congenital hypothyroidism results in Cretinism
- Excess cortisol production is associated with Cushing's Syndrome
- Too little growth hormone produced in childhood leads to Dwarfism
- Autoimmune disorder where thyroid gland produces too many hormones due to antibody attack is Graves' Disease
Note: I've categorized the notes under "Hormone-Related Disorders" to provide a clear context for the student to understand the relationships between the different concepts.
Thyroid Disorders
- Clara Simmons, a 62-year-old patient, exhibits symptoms of weight gain, puffy hands and feet, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and normal respirations, suggesting possible hypothyroidism.
- The physician may test for C) Myxedema, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism
- Richard, a 36-year-old patient, experiences insomnia, weight loss, and a rapid heart rate, indicating possible hyperthyroidism.
- The physician may test for A) Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland.
Pituitary Gland Disorders
- Mr. Harrison's symptoms of enlarging hands and feet, and gaps between his teeth, are typical of E) Acromegaly, a condition caused by a pituitary tumor.
- The physician informs Mr. Harrison that he needs to have the tumor removed.
Adrenal Gland Disorders
- A person with B) Cushing's syndrome will have thin skin, high glucose levels, thin extremities, and a large abdomen.
- Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by excessive levels of cortisol in the body.
Stress Response
- A physical reaction to a stressor can be an increased heart rate
- Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by increasing the release of cortisol
Endocrine System
- The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone
- The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin
- The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and aldosterone
- The pancreas has cells that release glucagon
- The posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
- The parathyroid gland releases PTH
Hormone Functions
- Insulin decreases blood sugar
- Glucagon increases blood sugar
- Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, maintaining blood pressure
- Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal
- Thyroid hormones increase energy production, stimulate protein synthesis, and speed up the repair of damaged tissues
- Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts, which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue
- Cortisol increases blood sugar and decreases protein synthesis and inflammation
- Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production
- Melatonin regulates a person's biological clock
- Thymosin promotes the production of T cells
- Atrial natriuretic peptide regulates blood pressure
Endocrine Disorders
- Myxedema is a condition that results from inadequate thyroid hormone production
- Acromegaly is the result of excess growth hormone in adults
- Gigantism is the result of excess growth hormone in children
- Cretinism is due to congenital hypothyroidism
- Dwarfism is a condition in which too little growth hormone is produced in childhood
- Graves' disease is a condition in which too many thyroid hormones are produced due to antibodies attacking the thyroid gland
- Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which too much cortisol is produced
- Addison's disease is a condition in which too little cortisol is produced
- Diabetes mellitus is a high glucose level due to inadequate insulin secretion
- Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the kidneys produce too much dilute urine
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