Physiology and Endocrine System Quiz

Physical Reaction to Stressor

• Increased heart rate is a physical reaction to a stressor

Effects of Prolonged Stress

• Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by increasing the release of cortisol

Assessing Endocrine Problems in Children

• Tracking the child's development on a standard growth chart helps to identify an endocrine problem

Effects of Pituitary Gland Removal

• Removal of the pituitary gland can lead to hypothyroidism, disturbed circadian rhythms, and diabetes

Hormone Categories

• Nonsteroidal hormones require G-protein to activate enzymes inside a cell

Hormone Characteristics

• Steroidal hormones can cross a cell membrane easily
• Nonsteroidal hormones, made of amino acids, do not cross cell membranes easily

Hormone Types

• Local hormones are produced close to their target cells and are produced by many body organs.
• Nonsteroidal hormones are a type of local hormone.
• Prostaglandins are a type of local hormone.

Steroidal Hormones

• Steroidal hormones turn genes on or off in the nucleus.
• They are not produced by many body organs like local hormones.

Adrenal Gland

• The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and aldosterone.
• It is not responsible for secreting growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Thyroid Gland

• The thyroid gland secretes the hormone calcitonin.
• It is not responsible for secreting growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Pituitary Gland

• The anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
• It is not responsible for secreting epinephrine and aldosterone.

Pancreas

• The pancreas has cells that release glucagon.
• It is not responsible for secreting epinephrine and aldosterone.

Hormone Regulation

• Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary gland.
• Luteinizing hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland.

Parathyroid Gland Function

• The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone).

Hormone Functions

• Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal.
• Insulin decreases blood sugar levels.
• Glucagon increases blood sugar levels.
• Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, which is important for maintaining blood pressure.

Hormone Overview

• Cortisol increases blood sugar levels and is involved in various bodily functions.
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production.
• Calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation.
• Epinephrine is involved in the body's "fight or flight" response.

Stress Response

• A physical reaction to a stressor is an increased heart rate.
• Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by increasing the release of cortisol.

Endocrine System

• Tracking a child's development on a standard growth chart can help identify an endocrine problem.

Pituitary Gland

• Removing the pituitary gland can cause hypothyroidism or disturbed circadian rhythms.

Hormone Categories

• Nonsteroidal hormones require G-protein to activate enzymes inside a cell.
• Steroidal hormones can cross a cell membrane easily.
• Nonsteroidal hormones, made of amino acids, do not cross cell membranes easily.
• Prostaglandins are local hormones produced by many body organs.
• Steroidal hormones turn genes on or off in the nucleus.

Endocrine Glands

• The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and aldosterone.
• The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin.
• The anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
• The pancreas contains cells that release glucagon.
• The posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
• The anterior pituitary gland releases luteinizing hormone.
• The parathyroid gland releases PTH.

Hormone Functions

• Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal.
• Insulin decreases blood sugar.
• Glucagon increases blood sugar.
• Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, which is important for maintaining blood pressure.

Hormone Regulation

• Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary gland.
• Luteinizing hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland.

Parathyroid Gland Function

• The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone).

Hormone Functions

• Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal.
• Insulin decreases blood sugar levels.
• Glucagon increases blood sugar levels.
• Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, which is important for maintaining blood pressure.

Hormone Overview

• Cortisol increases blood sugar levels and is involved in various bodily functions.
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production.
• Calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation.
• Epinephrine is involved in the body's "fight or flight" response.

Hormone Functions

• Thyroid hormones increase energy production by cells, stimulate protein synthesis, and speed up the repair of damaged tissues.
• Cortisol decreases protein synthesis and increases inflammation.
• Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts, which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue.

Hormone Regulation

• TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones.
• ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the release of cortisol.
• Erythropoietin, secreted by the kidney, stimulates blood cell production.

Organ Functions

• The heart releases the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide.
• The pineal body, heart, thymus, and pancreas are not involved in the secretion of erythropoietin.
• The kidney secretes erythropoietin, which stimulates blood cell production.

Endocrine System

• The pineal body releases melatonin, which regulates a person's biological clock.
• The thymus releases thymosin, which promotes the production of T cells.
• Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.
• Melatonin regulates circadian rhythms.
• Atrial natriuretic peptide, released by the heart, regulates blood pressure.
• Thymosin stimulates the production of T lymphocytes.
• The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones, and a deficiency can lead to myxedema.
• Dwarfism, gigantism, Graves' disease, and Addison's disease are other related endocrine disorders.

Hormone-Related Disorders

• Excess growth hormone in children leads to Gigantism
• High glucose level due to inadequate insulin secretion is Diabetes Mellitus
• Excess growth hormone in adults leads to Acromegaly
• Congenital hypothyroidism results in Cretinism
• Excess cortisol production is associated with Cushing's Syndrome
• Too little growth hormone produced in childhood leads to Dwarfism
• Autoimmune disorder where thyroid gland produces too many hormones due to antibody attack is Graves' Disease

Note: I've categorized the notes under "Hormone-Related Disorders" to provide a clear context for the student to understand the relationships between the different concepts.

Thyroid Disorders

• Clara Simmons, a 62-year-old patient, exhibits symptoms of weight gain, puffy hands and feet, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and normal respirations, suggesting possible hypothyroidism.
• The physician may test for C) Myxedema, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism

• Richard, a 36-year-old patient, experiences insomnia, weight loss, and a rapid heart rate, indicating possible hyperthyroidism.
• The physician may test for A) Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland.

Pituitary Gland Disorders

• Mr. Harrison's symptoms of enlarging hands and feet, and gaps between his teeth, are typical of E) Acromegaly, a condition caused by a pituitary tumor.
• The physician informs Mr. Harrison that he needs to have the tumor removed.

Adrenal Gland Disorders

• A person with B) Cushing's syndrome will have thin skin, high glucose levels, thin extremities, and a large abdomen.
• Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by excessive levels of cortisol in the body.

Stress Response

• A physical reaction to a stressor can be an increased heart rate
• Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by increasing the release of cortisol

Endocrine System

• The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone
• The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin
• The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and aldosterone
• The pancreas has cells that release glucagon
• The posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
• The parathyroid gland releases PTH

Hormone Functions

• Insulin decreases blood sugar
• Glucagon increases blood sugar
• Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, maintaining blood pressure
• Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal
• Thyroid hormones increase energy production, stimulate protein synthesis, and speed up the repair of damaged tissues
• Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts, which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue
• Cortisol increases blood sugar and decreases protein synthesis and inflammation
• Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production
• Melatonin regulates a person's biological clock
• Thymosin promotes the production of T cells
• Atrial natriuretic peptide regulates blood pressure

Endocrine Disorders

• Myxedema is a condition that results from inadequate thyroid hormone production
• Acromegaly is the result of excess growth hormone in adults
• Gigantism is the result of excess growth hormone in children
• Cretinism is due to congenital hypothyroidism
• Dwarfism is a condition in which too little growth hormone is produced in childhood
• Graves' disease is a condition in which too many thyroid hormones are produced due to antibodies attacking the thyroid gland
• Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which too much cortisol is produced
• Addison's disease is a condition in which too little cortisol is produced
• Diabetes mellitus is a high glucose level due to inadequate insulin secretion
• Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the kidneys produce too much dilute urine