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Questions and Answers
Which branch of physiology focuses primarily on the study of the nervous system's functions?
Which branch of physiology focuses primarily on the study of the nervous system's functions?
- Respiratory physiology
- Renal physiology
- Neurophysiology (correct)
- Cardiovascular physiology
At what level of organization would a collection of organs working together to perform a specific function be classified?
At what level of organization would a collection of organs working together to perform a specific function be classified?
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ system (correct)
- Organ
What is the primary role of the plasma membrane in a cell?
What is the primary role of the plasma membrane in a cell?
- To control the cell's genetic material
- To generate energy for the cell
- To provide a selective barrier between the cell and its environment (correct)
- To synthesize proteins
The hydrophilic portion of a phospholipid molecule is attracted to:
The hydrophilic portion of a phospholipid molecule is attracted to:
Which type of membrane protein binds to specific molecules and triggers a change in cellular activity?
Which type of membrane protein binds to specific molecules and triggers a change in cellular activity?
What is the function of a transporter protein found in the plasma membrane?
What is the function of a transporter protein found in the plasma membrane?
Which cellular component encompasses all the contents within a cell, excluding the nucleus?
Which cellular component encompasses all the contents within a cell, excluding the nucleus?
According to the levels of organization in the body, which of the following represents the correct order from simplest to most complex?
According to the levels of organization in the body, which of the following represents the correct order from simplest to most complex?
Epithelial cells exhibit distinct surface specializations. Which of the following correctly pairs a surface of an epithelial cell with its primary function?
Epithelial cells exhibit distinct surface specializations. Which of the following correctly pairs a surface of an epithelial cell with its primary function?
In which of the following scenarios would stratified epithelium be most advantageous compared to simple epithelium?
In which of the following scenarios would stratified epithelium be most advantageous compared to simple epithelium?
A researcher is examining a tissue sample under a microscope and observes a single layer of rectangular cells with cilia. Which type of epithelium is the researcher most likely observing?
A researcher is examining a tissue sample under a microscope and observes a single layer of rectangular cells with cilia. Which type of epithelium is the researcher most likely observing?
Which type of epithelial cell is specialized for secretion and commonly found in glands such as the thyroid?
Which type of epithelial cell is specialized for secretion and commonly found in glands such as the thyroid?
What is the primary function of the endothelium, which is a specialized type of simple squamous epithelium?
What is the primary function of the endothelium, which is a specialized type of simple squamous epithelium?
Which of the following describes the primary role of lysosomes within a cell?
Which of the following describes the primary role of lysosomes within a cell?
A researcher observes a cell actively secreting a large quantity of protein. Which organelle would likely be prominent and well-developed in this cell?
A researcher observes a cell actively secreting a large quantity of protein. Which organelle would likely be prominent and well-developed in this cell?
If a cell were unable to produce microtubules, which of the following functions would be most directly affected?
If a cell were unable to produce microtubules, which of the following functions would be most directly affected?
Which type of tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells arranged in continuous sheets and primarily functions in protection, secretion, and absorption?
Which type of tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells arranged in continuous sheets and primarily functions in protection, secretion, and absorption?
During embryonic development, the mesoderm gives rise to which of the following tissue types?
During embryonic development, the mesoderm gives rise to which of the following tissue types?
Which cytoskeletal element is most directly involved in maintaining the characteristic shape of a cell, such as actin in muscle cells?
Which cytoskeletal element is most directly involved in maintaining the characteristic shape of a cell, such as actin in muscle cells?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of epithelial tissue?
What is the study of the structure and function of tissues called?
What is the study of the structure and function of tissues called?
Which activity is the LEAST aligned with the goals of studying human physiology?
Which activity is the LEAST aligned with the goals of studying human physiology?
A researcher is investigating the effects of a new drug on heart rate. Which approach would be MOST consistent with a physiological study?
A researcher is investigating the effects of a new drug on heart rate. Which approach would be MOST consistent with a physiological study?
What is the primary focus when studying a disease from a pathophysiological perspective?
What is the primary focus when studying a disease from a pathophysiological perspective?
A scientist is studying how the body responds to high altitude. Which aspect aligns BEST with a physiological approach?
A scientist is studying how the body responds to high altitude. Which aspect aligns BEST with a physiological approach?
Which activity represents the application of physiology in a clinical setting?
Which activity represents the application of physiology in a clinical setting?
How do the fields of anatomy and physiology complement each other in understanding the human body?
How do the fields of anatomy and physiology complement each other in understanding the human body?
Which factor is LEAST relevant when assessing the credibility of a physiology research study?
Which factor is LEAST relevant when assessing the credibility of a physiology research study?
What is the significance of understanding homeostatic mechanisms in the human body?
What is the significance of understanding homeostatic mechanisms in the human body?
Which characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle tissue and facilitates coordinated contractions of the heart?
Which characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle tissue and facilitates coordinated contractions of the heart?
A researcher is studying the effect of a new drug on smooth muscle contraction. Which location would be MOST appropriate for observing the drug’s effects?
A researcher is studying the effect of a new drug on smooth muscle contraction. Which location would be MOST appropriate for observing the drug’s effects?
Which of the following cell types is NOT a neuroglial cell that supports neurons?
Which of the following cell types is NOT a neuroglial cell that supports neurons?
What physiological process relies on the ability of neurons and muscle fibers to generate action potentials?
What physiological process relies on the ability of neurons and muscle fibers to generate action potentials?
Which of the following is the primary characteristic that distinguishes connective tissue from other tissue types?
Which of the following is the primary characteristic that distinguishes connective tissue from other tissue types?
Which tissue type is responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body?
Which tissue type is responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body?
What is the function of tendons, which are a type of connective tissue?
What is the function of tendons, which are a type of connective tissue?
If a patient has a neurological disorder that affects the production of myelin, which cells are MOST likely involved?
If a patient has a neurological disorder that affects the production of myelin, which cells are MOST likely involved?
Which heat transfer mechanism relies on air or fluid movement to dissipate thermal energy?
Which heat transfer mechanism relies on air or fluid movement to dissipate thermal energy?
What is the primary role of the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus?
What is the primary role of the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is an example of an effector response to decreased body temperature?
Which of the following is an example of an effector response to decreased body temperature?
How does the body primarily regulate temperature within the thermoneutral zone?
How does the body primarily regulate temperature within the thermoneutral zone?
What is the critical difference between central and peripheral thermoreceptors in thermoregulation?
What is the critical difference between central and peripheral thermoreceptors in thermoregulation?
What is the consequence of exceeding a core body temperature of 43°C?
What is the consequence of exceeding a core body temperature of 43°C?
If a person's body temperature decreases, what physiological response would occur to restore homeostasis?
If a person's body temperature decreases, what physiological response would occur to restore homeostasis?
Which of the following is an example of heat transfer through evaporation?
Which of the following is an example of heat transfer through evaporation?
Flashcards
Branches of Physiology
Branches of Physiology
Different areas of study within physiology like human and cardiovascular physiology.
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
Hierarchy from chemical to organ systems in the body.
Tissues
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that work together for a function.
Organs
Organs
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Organ Systems
Organ Systems
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Cell
Cell
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Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
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Membrane Proteins Functions
Membrane Proteins Functions
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Epithelial Cell Surfaces
Epithelial Cell Surfaces
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Apical Surface
Apical Surface
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Simple Epithelium
Simple Epithelium
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Pseudostratified Epithelium
Pseudostratified Epithelium
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified Epithelium
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Human Physiology
Human Physiology
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Course Code PSL223
Course Code PSL223
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Credit Hours
Credit Hours
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Homeostatic Mechanism
Homeostatic Mechanism
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Assessment Types
Assessment Types
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Pre-requisites
Pre-requisites
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Structural Organization Levels
Structural Organization Levels
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Learning Resources
Learning Resources
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Golgi Complex
Golgi Complex
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Microfilaments
Microfilaments
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Microtubules
Microtubules
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Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
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Types of Tissues
Types of Tissues
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Germ Layers
Germ Layers
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Excitable Cells
Excitable Cells
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Neurons
Neurons
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Non-Excitable Cells
Non-Excitable Cells
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Action Potentials
Action Potentials
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Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
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Examples of Connective Tissue
Examples of Connective Tissue
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Core Body Temperature
Core Body Temperature
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Hypothermia
Hypothermia
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Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia
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Dangerous Temperature Range
Dangerous Temperature Range
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
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Thermoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
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Integrating Center
Integrating Center
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Thermoneutral Zone
Thermoneutral Zone
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title and code: Human Physiology - PSL223
- Credit hours: 3 hours (2+1)
- Offered in: Public Health and Nursing programs
- Prerequisites:
- First-year Basic Foundation course
- First-year second semester Biology course
Course Objectives
- Identify physiological terminology
- Understand the structural organization of the human body at chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels
- Demonstrate understanding of the body's homeostatic mechanisms
- Plan, perform, and interpret important physiological functions
- Explain the pathophysiological foundations of common diseases
Course Assessment
- Quizzes (5%): Any week before the first midterm
- 1st Midterm Exam (15%): 7th week
- 2nd Midterm Exam (15%): 11th week
- Assignment (10%): 12th week
- Practical Exam (15%): After the 15th week
- Final Theory Exam (25%): After the 15th week
Learning Resources
- Ross and Wilson's "Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness" 12th Edition
- ISBN 978-0-7020-5325-2 (International)
- ISBN 978-0-7020-5326-9
- Arthur C. Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology (updated) (2010)
- Essential Reference Materials (Journals, Reports, etc.):
- John B.'s Respiratory Physiology (updated) (most recent edition)
- Cecil Gray, John Nunn, and J.E. Uttering's General Anesthesia (updated) (most recent edition)
What is Physiology?
- The scientific study of the normal functions of living organisms
- Branches of physiology:
- Human physiology
- Cellular physiology
- Cardiovascular physiology
- Renal physiology
- Respiratory physiology
- Gastrointestinal physiology
- Neurophysiology
- Muscular physiology
- Endocrine physiology
Levels of Organization of the Body
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Human
Organ Systems
- Tissues: Groups of similar cells functioning together
- Organs: Groups of tissues performing specific tasks.
- Composed of at least two tissue types
- Perform specific functions
- Organ Systems are collections of organs working together to perform particular tasks.
Table 1.1 Organ Systems (See page 9)
Organization of the Body: The Cell
- Cell: The fundamental unit of a living organism
- Cytology: The study of cells
- Plasma Membrane:
- Forms the cell's outer boundary
- Separates the cell's internal environment from the outside
- Is a selective barrier
- Plays a role in cellular communication
- Consists of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. The phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Other Cellular Functions and their associated organelles: (See pages 11-24)
Cytoplasm
- All cellular content between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
- Cytosol: Mostly water, the fluid portion
- Organelles: Subcellular structures with specific characteristics and functions (including nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton)
Organelles
- Nucleus: Typically spherical or oval structure, crucial for controlling cell activities and containing hereditary units (genes)
- Mitochondria ("powerhouses"): Possessing inner and outer membranes, and cristae, responsible for energy generation
- Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Network of membranes, involved in protein production and lipid synthesis
- Golgi Complex: Modified and packaged proteins for transport.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for breaking down cellular components
- Cytoskeleton: A network of proteins providing structural support and facilitating cell movement
Epithelial Tissues (See Pages 25-39)
- Basic characteristics: Arrangement of cells in continuous sheets, closely packed
- Functions: Protection (from physical, chemical, and dehydration damage), secretion, and absorption.
- Types of epithelial tissues: Simple (single layers) and stratified (multiple layers); squamous (flattened), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (tall) shapes; specialized glandular tissues (endocrine - no ducts; exocrine - ducts).
Connective Tissue (See Pages 47, 48, 49)
- Characteristics: Most diverse, composed of cells and an extracellular matrix with blood, bone, and adipose (fat) being specific types
- Examples: Bone, tendons, fat, blood.
Muscular Tissue (See Pages 40, 41, 42, 43)
- Characteristics: Consists of elongated cells (myocytes) used to generate force
- Types of muscular tissues: Skeletal (voluntary, striated, attached to bones), cardiac (involuntary, striated, found in the heart), smooth (involuntary, non-striated, in hollow organs)
Nervous Tissue (See Pages 44-46)
- Consists of excitable cells (neurons) & non-excitable cells (neuroglia)
- Basic functions: Initiating, receiving, conducting, and transmitting information
Homeostasis (See Pages 55-69)
- Maintaining a stable internal environment across parameters such as temperature, volume, and composition. The process employs receptors- which detect stimulus, integrating centers- which process input and output signals, and effectors- which produce body responses
- Regulation mostly via negative feedback loops, which act in self-correcting fashion
- Positive feedback loops lead to an amplification of deviation
- Examples: body temperature regulation , fever process.
Body Fluid Compartments (See Pages 51-54)
- Internal environment surrounding cells is extracellular fluid (ECF)
- A 70 kg adult, has approximately 35-42 liters of water internally
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) = 28 liters
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) = 14 liters, which is subdivided into plasma (3 liters) and interstitial fluid (11 liters).
Thermoregulation (See pages 66-72)
- Maintaining a constant internal body temperature
- Heat transfer mechanisms:Radiation, Conduction, Evaporation (insensible water loss and sweat), Convection.
- Receptors (thermoreceptors-central and peripheral)
- Components (integrating center-hypothalamus, and effectors-skeletal muscles and glands), output signals (nerve impulses and/or hormones)
Thermoneutral Zone
- Range of outside temperatures where the body maintains its core temperature via blood flow to skin, without additional thermal mechanisms. (25-30 degrees Celsius)
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