Physiologie et endocrinologie de la reproduction

Physiologie et endocrinologie de la reproduction

• Généralités: Includes overall information about reproduction
• Physiologie des gonades: Covers gametogenesis (production of gametes) and hormones associated with reproductive function.
• Fécondation – Nidation: Discusses the process of fertilization and the implantation of the fertilized egg.
• Gestation et physiologie de la femelle gestante: Describes the stages of pregnancy and the physiological changes in the female during pregnancy.
• Parturition: Outlines the process of childbirth.
• Physiologie et endocrinologie fœtale: Explores the physiology and endocrine system development of the fetus.
• Lactation: Details the production and secretion of milk.
• Contraception: Discusses methods for birth control.
• Immunologie de la femelle gestante: Covers the immune system's role in maintaining pregnancy.

Généralités (Reproduction)

• Reproduction asexuée: Primarily observed in bacteria and protists; methods include binary fission (bacteria), budding, and parthenogenesis (some invertebrates like aphids and certain reptiles).
• Reproduction sexuée: Involves the fusion of gametes (sex cells). More widespread in plants and animals.

Fécondation

• Fécondation: Fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and ovum). The result is a zygote.
• Fécondation externe: Fertilization occurs outside the body (e.g., sea urchins).
• Fécondation interne: Fertilization takes place inside the female reproductive tract.

Vie sexuelle

• Vie sexuelle: Begins at puberty and ends at senescence (old age).
• Age de la puberté: Varies depending on the species and is also influenced by genetics and nutritional levels.
• Saison sexuelle: Specific period during which females are receptive and accept mating.

Cycle sexuel

• Cycle sexuel: Cyclical pattern of reproductive activity in females.
• Femelle ployoestrienne: Ovulation occurs multiple times in a single breeding season.
• Femelle monoestrienne: Ovulation occurs only once in a season.
• Ovulation spontanée: Ovulation occurs naturally during the cycle.
• Ovulation provoquée: Ovulation is induced by external factors (e.g., in some animals like rabbits and mink).

Phases du cycle sexuel

• Phase folliculaire: Characterized by follicle maturation under the influence of FSH and LH (or ICSH).
• Œstrus (chaleurs): Most crucial period for mating; coincides with follicle maturation and leads to ovulation.
• Phase lutéale: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.
• Postoestrus/métaoestrus: Formation and functioning of the corpus luteum after ovulation.
• Dioestrus: Period of reproductive rest; regression of the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur.
• Différence cycle sexuel et oestrien: Primates have menstrual cycles, while other mammals have estrous cycles (seasonal receptive period).

Anatomie de l'appareil uro-génital mâle

• Composants: Includes testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis, and accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate).

Appareil génital femelle

• Composants: Includes ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus (body, horns, cervix), vagina, and vulva.

Cycles ovariens

• Ovarian Follicles: Shows various stages of follicle development (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary/Graafian).
• Ovulation: Release of the ovum from the mature follicle.