L3- homeostasis 1 ,2
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Questions and Answers

Which physiological control mechanism is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature?

  • Neural feedback mechanisms (correct)
  • Glucagon secretion
  • Insulin regulation
  • Hormonal feedback mechanisms

    • What is the primary purpose of physiological control mechanisms in the body?

  • To increase metabolic rate during stress
  • To initiate voluntary movements
  • To eliminate waste products effectively
  • To enable adaptation to environmental changes (correct)

    • Which of the following is a method by which the body maintains blood glucose levels?

  • Hormonal regulation through insulin and glucagon (correct)
  • Respiratory rate adjustment
  • Promotion of protein synthesis
  • Digestive enzyme release

    • Which mechanism is least likely to contribute to steady-state maintenance in the body?

    <p>Positive feedback loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how physiological control mechanisms respond to increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate to expel carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intracellular fluid (ICF) when there is a loss of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>The ICF must adapt to restore concentration equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different states are identified based on the type of fluid?

    <p>6 states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing changes in intracellular fluid concentration?

    <p>Alterations in extracellular fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the relationship between ECF and ICF?

    <p>A change in ECF prompts a corresponding change in ICF to maintain equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of fluid loss specifically from the extracellular fluid?

    <p>It results in an alteration of ICF to achieve concentration balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on total body water during volume contraction?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to extracellular fluid volume during volume contraction?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During volume contraction, which of the following does NOT occur?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the distribution of body fluids during volume contraction?

    <p>No change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely immediate effect on intravascular volume when volume contraction occurs?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an isotonic solution?

    <p>It has the same solute concentration as the inside of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution would cause a cell to shrink?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of solution do cells swell due to water influx?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an isotonic solution affect the movement of water across cell membranes?

    <p>No net movement of water occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a hypertonic and a hypotonic solution?

    <p>Hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentrations than cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding isotonic NaCl to extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?

    <p>Increases ECF volume without changing osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High intake of NaCl results in which type of volume expansion?

    <p>Hyperosmotic volume expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a hypotonic solution is added to the body?

    <p>Decreases the osmolarity while increasing fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is there a risk of decreased urine output in the context of fluid regulation?

    <p>When production of a specific hormone is impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs with isosmotic expansion of ECF?

    <p>ECF volume increases without changes to osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component found within the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in fluid balance?

    <p>Facilitates sodium reabsorption in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is primarily responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment makes up approximately one-third of the total body water (TBW)?

    <p>Extracellular Fluid (ECF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by excessive fluid intake leading to diluted electrolytes?

    <p>Overhydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiological Control Mechanisms

    • Body maintains steady state through physiological control mechanisms that respond to fluid balance in extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF).
    • Understanding isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions is essential for analyzing fluid shifts.

    Types of Solutions

    • Isotonic Solution: No change in osmolarity or fluid movement; often used in medical infusions like isotonic NaCl (0.9%).
    • Hypertonic Solution: Increased osmolarity causes water to move out of cells into ECF, leading to cell shrinkage.
    • Hypotonic Solution: Decreased osmolarity results in water entering cells, causing them to swell.

    Fluid Loss and Balance

    • Fluid loss occurs mainly from ECF, which influences ICF concentration and volume adjustments to maintain osmotic balance.
    • Six states of fluid balance are determined by the fluid type administered and its impact on ICF and ECF volumes.

    Volume Expansion Scenarios

    • Infusion of Isotonic NaCl:
      • Results in isotonic expansion; both ECF volume increases with no change in osmolarity.
    • High NaCl Intake:
      • Consumption of excess salt leads to hyperosmotic volume expansion, affecting both ICF and ECF osmolarities.

    Hypotonic Solution Effects

    • Adding hypotonic solutions increases ICF volume, which may dilute salt concentration, affecting overall osmolarity.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • Hormonal imbalances can affect water retention; excessive hormone production reduces urine output, causing increased water retention and possibly impacting salt concentration and volume levels.

    Volume Contraction Example

    • Understanding volume contraction requires analyzing scenarios where water loss occurs relative to solute, affecting osmolarity and fluid statuses.

    Body Fluid Compartments

    • Total Body Water (TBW): Constitutes around 60% of an adult's total body weight.
    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF):
      • Accounts for approximately two-thirds of TBW.
      • Predominantly located within cells, rich in potassium (K+) and phosphate ions (PO4³⁻).
    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF):
      • Represents about one-third of total body water.
      • Further divided into:
        • Interstitial Fluid:
          • Fluid found between cells, elevated in sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl⁻) ions.
        • Plasma:
          • The liquid portion of blood, enriched with proteins and nutrients.
        • Transcellular Fluid:
          • Includes fluids like cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid, along with other secretions.

    Homeostasis

    • Definition: Refers to the ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.

    • Key Mechanisms:

      • Osmoregulation:
        • Key for regulating osmotic pressure and ensuring fluid balance.
        • Involves the kidneys, hypothalamus, and prompts thirst when necessary.
      • Fluid Balance:
        • Water intake occurs via beverages and food.
        • Water loss occurs through urine, feces, sweat, and respiration.
      • Hormonal Regulation:
        • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to reduced urine output.
        • Aldosterone: Stimulates sodium reabsorption which aids in water retention.
        • Natriuretic Peptides: Functions to reduce blood volume and pressure by promoting the excretion of sodium and water.

    • Disruptions in Homeostasis:

      • Dehydration: Results from insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss.
      • Overhydration: Occurs with excessive fluid intake, potentially leading to diluted electrolyte levels.

    • Feedback Mechanisms:

      • Negative Feedback: Mechanism that counteracts deviations from set points, such as the thirst response triggered by dehydration.
      • Positive Feedback: Less typical in fluid balance; generally amplifies changes, seen in specific pathological scenarios.

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    Related Documents

    Homeostasis 1,2 PDF

    Description

    Explore the physiological control mechanisms that maintain the body's normal steady state. This quiz delves into the intricacies of homeostasis and the body's responses to internal and external changes. Assess your understanding of these essential physiological concepts.

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