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Physiology Lecture: Homeostasis and Physiological Control
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Physiology Lecture: Homeostasis and Physiological Control

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the study of how organisms function and how function is controlled and maintained in order to keep us alive and healthy?

  • Physiology (correct)
  • Pathophysiology
  • Negative Feedback
  • Homeostasis

    • What is the term for a measure of a bodily condition or bodily function?

  • Set-point
  • Negative Feedback
  • Physiological variable (correct)
  • Homeostasis

    • What is the normal 'basal' or 'at rest' value for a physiological variable?

  • Set-point (correct)
  • Negative Feedback
  • Physiological variable
  • Homeostasis

    • What is the primary mechanism for maintaining physiological variables within a predictable range?

    <p>Negative Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a physiological variable straying too far out of its normal range for too long?

    <p>Illness and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dynamic maintenance of physiological variables within a predictable range?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the field of physiology?

    <p>The scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition of normal function in a living system?

    <p>Physiological state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of functions and mechanisms in a specific class of organisms?

    <p>Comparative physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of functions and mechanisms in individual organs?

    <p>Organ physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system?

    <p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Greek term for 'nature, origin' that is used in the definition of physiology?

    <p>Physis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physiological variables has a set-point that is lower during sleep?

    <p>Arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased blood pressure in response to excessive salt in the diet?

    <p>To maintain plasma osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a paracrine negative feedback loop?

    <p>Histamine regulating gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integrating centre in a negative feedback loop?

    <p>To compare inputs from sensors against the physiological set-point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neuronal integrating centres is responsible for controlling body temperature?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems having opposing actions on bodily functions?

    <p>A fine-tuning of physiological variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ranking of physiological variables in terms of importance to immediate survival?

    <p>Hierarchy of importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the efferent pathway in a negative feedback loop?

    <p>To carry signals from the integrating centre to the effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an endocrine negative feedback loop?

    <p>Thyroid hormone regulating metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a physiological variable drifting away from its set-point?

    <p>A negative feedback response to bring the variable back to its set-point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the context of temperature control?

    <p>To compare the core temperature against the set-point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the nerve signals from the hypothalamus to the effectors in the context of temperature control?

    <p>Efferent pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the context of temperature control?

    <p>A decrease in ambient temperature causes an increase in heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT an endocrine organ?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the integrating centre in the context of temperature control?

    <p>To compare the core temperature against the set-point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensors in the context of temperature control?

    <p>To sense changes in ambient temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an endocrine gland?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the context of endocrine and paracrine feedback control?

    <p>To integrate and coordinate endocrine and paracrine functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pancreatic b-cells in response to increased blood glucose concentration?

    <p>Release insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone receptor is typically associated with a rapid, often transient response?

    <p>Cell surface receptor for glycoprotein hormones and catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of paracrine homeostatic control?

    <p>Negative feedback loops operate locally and involve secretion of diffusible substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased metabolic demand during exercise on arterioles in skeletal muscle?

    <p>Vasodilation and increased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of feed-forward control mechanisms?

    <p>To anticipate and prepare for changes in physiological variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback loop is characteristic of parturition (contraction of the uterus to expel the fetus)?

    <p>Positive feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a physiological variable straying too far out of its normal range for too long?

    <p>Disease or disorder may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endothelium in paracrine homeostatic control of skeletal muscle blood flow?

    <p>To act as a sensor and integrating center to regulate blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased estrogen and progesterone levels during pregnancy on the uterus?

    <p>Increased excitability and contraction of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of glycoprotein hormones and catecholamines?

    <p>Binding to cell surface receptors to activate second messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homeostasis and Physiological Control

    • Homeostasis is the dynamic maintenance of physiological variables within a predictable range to maintain health and well-being.
    • Physiological variables are measures of bodily conditions or functions, such as core temperature, blood glucose concentration, and blood pressure.
    • Set-point is the normal or basal value for a physiological variable, which can be temporarily overridden or adjusted to suit changing circumstances.

    Importance of Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is necessary for short-term immediate survival and medium-long term health and well-being.
    • If a physiological variable strays too far from its normal range for too long, it can lead to illness, disease, or death.

    Negative Feedback Mechanisms

    • Negative feedback is the most common mechanism for maintaining physiological variables.
    • It involves a sensor that detects changes in the variable, an integrating center that compares the variable to its set-point, and an effector that produces a response to bring the variable back to its set-point.
    • Key features of negative feedback loops include:
      • Sensors detect changes in the variable
      • Integrating centers compare the variable to its set-point
      • Effectors produce responses to bring the variable back to its set-point
      • Afferent pathways carry signals from sensors to integrating centers
      • Efferent pathways carry signals from integrating centers to effectors

    Types of Negative Feedback

    • Neuronal feedback control: involves the nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    • Endocrine feedback control: involves hormones and the endocrine system.
    • Paracrine feedback control: involves local, diffusible substances that act on nearby cells.

    Examples of Negative Feedback

    • Blood glucose concentration: rises after a meal, then is brought back towards its set-point through homeostatic control.
    • Blood pressure: is maintained at a set-point through negative feedback mechanisms.
    • Body temperature: is maintained at a set-point through negative feedback mechanisms, including shivering and sweating.

    Hierarchy of Importance of Physiological Variables

    • Physiological variables are inter-dependent, and some are more important to immediate survival than others.
    • For example, osmolality (salt/water balance) is more important to immediate survival than blood pressure.

    Feed-Forward and Positive Feedback

    • Feed-forward control mechanisms: anticipate a change and bring about a response before the change can be detected by negative feedback sensors.
    • Positive feedback control mechanisms: amplify a change in a variable, rather than normalizing it. Examples include anticipation of physical exertion and parturition (contraction of the uterus to expel the fetus).

    Physiological Control Systems

    • The autonomic nervous system plays a role in physiological control, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    • The endocrine system plays a role in physiological control, including hormones and endocrine glands.
    • Paracrine homeostatic signaling plays a role in physiological control, including local, diffusible substances that act on nearby cells.

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    Related Documents

    FPP-homeostasis physiological control-2023 - Tagged.pdf

    Description

    Learn about the principles of physiological homeostasis, negative feedback, and the roles of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems in physiological control.

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