Physiological Buffering: Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

Buffering mechanisms = Acute response to prevent drastic pH changes Compensatory response = Chronic response to restore pH balance Carbonic anhydrase = Enzyme involved in HCO3 reabsorption Renal tubular acidosis = Failure to excrete acid

Ingestion of acid = Methanol poisoning Generation of organic acid = Lactic acidosis Loss of HCO3 in stool = Diarrhea Failure to excrete acid = Renal tubular acidosis

HCO3- = Extracellular fluid Haemoglobin = Blood Bone = Intracellular and urinary Proteins = Intracellular

<p>Kidneys = Retain HCO3 and excrete H+ Protein buffers = Acute response to buffer H+ Lungs = Increase ventilation to reduce pCO2 Liver = No direct role in respiratory acidosis compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffering = Neutralizing H+ or OH- Ventilation = Regulating PaCO2 Renal handling = Excreting or retaining H+ and HCO3- PO4 = Intracellular and urinary buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory acidosis = Increases ventilation rate Metabolic acidosis = Increases K+ excretion Acid-base imbalance = Affects cellular metabolism and function Buffering mechanisms = Prevents drastic pH changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic acidosis = Excess H+ from cellular metabolism Respiratory acidosis = Retention of CO2 due to respiratory failure Respiratory alkalosis = Hyperventilation leading to low CO2 levels Metabolic alkalosis = Excess HCO3- from gastrointestinal or renal sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein buffers = Acute response to buffer H+ Bicarbonate buffers = Chronic response to restore pH balance Phosphate buffers = Found in urine and helps in acid-base balance Hemoglobin buffers = Found in red blood cells and helps in buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ammonium excretion = Compensates for respiratory acidosis Increased HCO3 reabsorption = Compensates for metabolic acidosis Increased H+ excretion = Compensates for respiratory acidosis Increased CO2 excretion = Compensates for respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic compensation = Correcting pH imbalance through respiratory and renal mechanisms Intracellular buffering = Neutralizing H+ through proteins and bone Volatile acid buffering = Regulating CO2 levels through ventilation Extracellular buffering = Neutralizing H+ through HCO3- and PO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperventilation = Respiratory alkalosis Hypoventilation = Respiratory acidosis Compensatory exhalation = Reducing CO2 levels to correct acidosis Compensatory inhalation = Increasing CO2 levels to correct alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorption of HCO3- = Conserving bicarbonate to correct acidosis Excretion of H+ = Eliminating excess hydrogen ions to correct acidosis Excretion of NH4+ = Eliminating excess hydrogen ions to correct acidosis Reabsorption of PO4 = Conserving phosphate to correct acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffering = Consumes excess H+ or OH- Ventilation = Increases CO2 removal from the body Renal handling of HCO3 and H+ = Regulates H+ and HCO3 levels in the blood Henderson-Hasselbach Equation = Describes the process of acid-base buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory acidosis = pCO2 high Metabolic acidosis = Bicarbonate low Respiratory alkalosis = pCO2 low Metabolic alkalosis = H+ high</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory system = Increases ventilation to remove excess CO2 Renal system = Regulates H+ and HCO3 levels in the blood Buffering system = Consumes excess H+ or OH- Cardiovascular system = Increases blood pressure to compensate for acid-base imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue and weakness = Metabolic acidosis Confusion and disorientation = Respiratory acidosis Rapid breathing = Respiratory alkalosis Seizures and muscle twitching = Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henderson-Hasselbach Equation = Describes the reaction of CO2 and H2O to form HCO3 and H+ Bicarbonate buffering = Consumes excess H+ or OH- Phosphate buffering = Buffers excess H+ in the kidneys Protein buffering = Buffers excess H+ in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers