Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy
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Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?

  • Increased plasma volume (correct)
  • Narrowing of blood vessels
  • Higher oxygen demand
  • Increased red blood cell production

    • During pregnancy, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels typically increase due to increased plasma volume.

    False

    What hormone produced by the placenta leads to smooth muscle relaxation during pregnancy?

    Progesterone

    Normal white blood cell count during pregnancy can reach ________ cells/mm³.

    <p>16000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following changes to their effects during pregnancy:

    <p>Increased plasma volume = Decreased hemoglobin levels Progesterone action = Smooth muscle relaxation Increased clotting factors = Risk of venous thromboembolism Growing uterus = Potential breathlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological adaptation causes a decrease in airway resistance during pregnancy?

    <p>Relaxation of smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy causes the heart rate to decrease in response to lower blood volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy is considered a __________ state due to the increased production of coagulation factors.

    <p>hypercoagulable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is an example of a dominant gene?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recessive inheritance requires only one parent to pass on the recessive gene for it to be expressed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one gene condition that is classified as recessive.

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-linked inheritance refers to genes located on the _____ chromosome.

    <p>X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is more common in males due to X-linked inheritance?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is usually performed between 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chorionic villus sampling?

    <p>To test for genetic conditions and chromosomal abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amniocentesis is typically performed after _____ weeks of pregnancy.

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a condition detected by CVS?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic conditions with their inheritance type:

    <p>Cystic fibrosis = Recessive Huntington's disease = Dominant Hemophilia = X-linked Sickle cell anemia = Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a presumptive sign of pregnancy?

    <p>Amenorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of a fetal heartbeat heard with a Doppler is a probable sign of pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is detected in a urine pregnancy test?

    <p>Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During initial prenatal visits, a detailed review of the mother's ______ history is crucial.

    <p>medical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following signs of pregnancy with their categories:

    <p>Positive pregnancy test = Probable Sign Amenorrhea = Presumptive Sign Fetal movement felt by the examiner = Positive Sign Hegar's sign = Probable Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum amount of fetal activity required in 30 minutes?

    <p>Three times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chadwick's sign refers to bluish discoloration of the cervix.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a comprehensive initial prenatal visit include?

    <p>Medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At least one ______ of 1 cm or greater must be present to assess amniotic fluid levels.

    <p>amniotic sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component measured during a physical examination in an initial prenatal visit?

    <p>Size of the baby's head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ultrasound during prenatal visits?

    <p>To confirm pregnancy and assess fetal heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy screening for gestational diabetes occurs between 35-37 weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GBS stand for?

    <p>Group B Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization typically occurs in the _____ section of the reproductive tract.

    <p>fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is GBS screening typically performed during pregnancy?

    <p>35-37 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the topics with the correct trimester for prenatal education:

    <p>Pain relief in labor = Third trimester Postpartum care = Postpartum period Early discomforts of pregnancy = First trimester Breastfeeding = Third trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of teratogenesis?

    <p>The development of malformations in an embryo or fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which visit should initial urine tests be conducted?

    <p>First prenatal visit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure allows blood to bypass the liver in the fetal circulatory system?

    <p>Ductus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The umbilical cord contains one artery and two veins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta?

    <p>To provide nutrients and oxygen to the baby and remove waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ provides a protective buffer for the fetus during pregnancy.

    <p>amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their correct functions:

    <p>Foramen ovale = Bypasses right and left atria Ductus arteriosus = Connects pulmonary artery to aorta Umbilical arteries = Carry deoxygenated blood to placenta Umbilical vein = Carries oxygenated blood to fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about amniotic fluid is false?

    <p>It has no role in lung development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal movement is restricted due to the presence of amniotic fluid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what gestational age is a pregnancy considered to be in the embryonic phase?

    <p>8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two _____ in the umbilical cord carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.

    <p>arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the chorionic villi in the formation of the placenta?

    <p>They invade the uterine wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy

    • The uterus enlarges approximately 20 times its normal size and its lining thickens.
    • Progesterone, produced by the placenta, relaxes smooth muscles, slowing down organ functions, including gastrointestinal, respiratory, and metabolic processes, to ensure adequate nutrient supply for the fetus.
    • Respiratory effects include slight increases in tidal volume with stable respiratory rates; however, diaphragm elevation can lead to breathlessness.
    • Progesterone induces blood vessel vasodilation, lowering blood pressure, compensated by an increased heart rate and cardiac output.
    • Lower extremity edema is often caused by fluid retention and increased pressure from the growing uterus, which can be relieved by elevating the legs, staying active, and wearing compression stockings.
    • Nasal and sinus congestion results from increased blood flow to mucous membranes and hormonal changes.

    Cardiovascular Changes and Lab Values

    • Hemoglobin and hematocrit decrease due to increased plasma volume, leading to hemodilution and physiologic anemia.
    • The normal hemoglobin level during pregnancy may drop below 11 g/dL, while hematocrit can decrease to 33% or lower.
    • White blood cell count can increase up to 16,000/mm³, considered a normal adaptive response during pregnancy.
    • Hypercoagulability occurs due to increased fibrinogen and coagulation factors, preparing the body for potential blood loss during delivery, while increasing VTE risk.

    Genetic Inheritance

    • Dominant Inheritance: Only one parent needs to carry the dominant gene to express the trait, such as Huntington's disease or certain types of polydactyly.
    • Recessive Inheritance: Both parents must carry and pass the recessive gene for the trait to manifest; examples include cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
    • X-Linked Inheritance: Involves genes on the X chromosome; males express recessive traits on their single X, such as hemophilia and color blindness.

    Antenatal Testing

    • Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Diagnostic test performed between 10-12 weeks to assess genetic conditions like Down syndrome and cystic fibrosis.
    • Amniocentesis: Conducted later in pregnancy to collect amniotic fluid for genetic testing and fetal health assessment.

    Signs of Pregnancy

    • Presumptive Signs: Subjective markers like missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, and fatigue.
    • Probable Signs: Objective observations by healthcare professionals including positive pregnancy tests and Hegar’s sign.
    • Positive Signs: Definitive evidence of pregnancy such as detecting fetal heartbeat through Doppler or ultrasound.

    Prenatal Care and Screening

    • Initial prenatal visits include comprehensive evaluations, medical history, physical exams, lab tests, and counseling on nutrition and lifestyle.
    • Teratogenesis: Refers to the process of abnormal fetal development caused by harmful factors.
    • Screening for gestational diabetes occurs between 24-28 weeks to monitor glucose response as pregnancy progresses.
    • GBS Screening: Conducted between 35-37 weeks to prevent newborn infections during delivery.

    Fertilization and Fetal Development

    • Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube's ampulla.
    • The fetal circulatory system includes vital structures like the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus, essential for oxygen and nutrient transport.
    • The placenta forms from chorionic villi, providing nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal for the fetus.
    • The umbilical cord consists of two arteries and one vein, connecting the fetus to the placenta, facilitating nutrient and waste exchange.
    • Amniotic fluid protects the fetus, allows movement, regulates temperature, prevents adhesions, and aids lung development.
    • The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks of gestation.

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    Description

    Explore the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, including the expansion of the uterus and hormonal effects on smooth muscle. This quiz will cover key adaptations in various organ systems and their implications for the body during this unique time.

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