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Questions and Answers
What is the common definition of temperature?
A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object.
Heat and temperature are synonymous concepts.
False
What does temperature directly relate to?
Temperature is measured using a __________.
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Heat flows from an object of __________ temperature to an object of __________ temperature.
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What is thermal equilibrium?
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What are the common temperature scales?
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What does the Kelvin scale measure?
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The formula for linear expansion is ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 ∆𝑇, where ΔL is the change in length, L0 is the __________, and ΔT is the __________.
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Which particle of an atom has a negative charge?
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What happens when an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons?
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Study Notes
Temperature and Heat
- Heat and temperature are distinct concepts; temperature measures an object's "hotness" or "coldness."
- Higher temperatures indicate molecules with greater kinetic energy.
- Temperature is measured using a thermometer, which responds to changes in matter properties.
- Heat is defined as kinetic energy transferred between objects with different temperatures.
- Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature and is quantified in Joules (J).
- No heat transfer occurs when two objects reach thermal equilibrium (equal temperatures).
- Temperature can be measured through volume changes (solids/liquids), pressure changes (gases), or resistivity changes.
- Common temperature scales include:
- Celsius: Freezing point of water at 0°C, boiling point at 100°C.
- Fahrenheit: Freezing point at 32°F, boiling point at 212°F; one degree Fahrenheit equals 5/9 of a degree Celsius.
- Kelvin: Zero point at absolute zero (-273.15°C), not degree-based.
- Matter expands with temperature increases, either linearly or volumetrically.
- Linear expansion formula: ΔL = αL0 ΔT; parameters include change in length, original length, and change in temperature.
- Volume expansion formula: ΔV = βV0 ΔT; parameters include change in volume, original volume, and change in temperature.
- Thermal conductors allow heat transfer, while thermal insulators prevent it.
- Heat transfer occurs in three primary ways:
- Conduction: Direct heat transfer between bodies in contact.
- Convection: Heat transfer through the movement of mass, commonly in liquids and gases.
- Radiation: Heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation.
Electricity and Electric Circuits
- Basic atomic particles:
- Electron: Mass 9.11 x 10^-31 kg, charge -1.6 x 10^-19 C, located orbiting the nucleus.
- Proton: Mass 1.67 x 10^-27 kg, charge +1.6 x 10^-19 C, located inside the nucleus.
- Neutron: Mass 1.68 x 10^-27 kg, electrically neutral, located inside the nucleus.
- An atom can be electrically neutral (equal protons and electrons), positively charged (more protons), or negatively charged (more electrons).
- Creating a charged atom involves:
- Removing protons requires significant energy due to their location in the nucleus.
- Electrons can be removed more easily as they are in orbit around the nucleus.
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Description
This quiz provides a summary of the key concepts related to temperature and heat. It covers the differences between heat and temperature, along with their properties in the realm of chemistry. Understand how temperature relates to molecular kinetic energy and the subjective experience of thermal sensations.
