Physics Temperature and Heat Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the common definition of temperature?

A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object.

Heat and temperature are synonymous concepts.

False (B)

What does temperature directly relate to?

  • Shape of an object
  • Mass of an object
  • Kinetic energy of molecules (correct)
  • Color of an object

Temperature is measured using a __________.

<p>thermometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heat flows from an object of __________ temperature to an object of __________ temperature.

<p>Higher, Lower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal equilibrium?

<p>When the temperature of both objects is the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common temperature scales?

<p>Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kelvin scale measure?

<p>Changes in pressure and temperature of gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formula for linear expansion is ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 ∆𝑇, where ΔL is the change in length, L0 is the __________, and ΔT is the __________.

<p>original length, change in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which particle of an atom has a negative charge?

<p>Electron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons?

<p>The atom is electrically neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Temperature and Heat

  • Heat and temperature are distinct concepts; temperature measures an object's "hotness" or "coldness."
  • Higher temperatures indicate molecules with greater kinetic energy.
  • Temperature is measured using a thermometer, which responds to changes in matter properties.
  • Heat is defined as kinetic energy transferred between objects with different temperatures.
  • Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature and is quantified in Joules (J).
  • No heat transfer occurs when two objects reach thermal equilibrium (equal temperatures).
  • Temperature can be measured through volume changes (solids/liquids), pressure changes (gases), or resistivity changes.
  • Common temperature scales include:
    • Celsius: Freezing point of water at 0°C, boiling point at 100°C.
    • Fahrenheit: Freezing point at 32°F, boiling point at 212°F; one degree Fahrenheit equals 5/9 of a degree Celsius.
    • Kelvin: Zero point at absolute zero (-273.15°C), not degree-based.
  • Matter expands with temperature increases, either linearly or volumetrically.
    • Linear expansion formula: ΔL = αL0 ΔT; parameters include change in length, original length, and change in temperature.
    • Volume expansion formula: ΔV = βV0 ΔT; parameters include change in volume, original volume, and change in temperature.
  • Thermal conductors allow heat transfer, while thermal insulators prevent it.
  • Heat transfer occurs in three primary ways:
    • Conduction: Direct heat transfer between bodies in contact.
    • Convection: Heat transfer through the movement of mass, commonly in liquids and gases.
    • Radiation: Heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation.

Electricity and Electric Circuits

  • Basic atomic particles:
    • Electron: Mass 9.11 x 10^-31 kg, charge -1.6 x 10^-19 C, located orbiting the nucleus.
    • Proton: Mass 1.67 x 10^-27 kg, charge +1.6 x 10^-19 C, located inside the nucleus.
    • Neutron: Mass 1.68 x 10^-27 kg, electrically neutral, located inside the nucleus.
  • An atom can be electrically neutral (equal protons and electrons), positively charged (more protons), or negatively charged (more electrons).
  • Creating a charged atom involves:
    • Removing protons requires significant energy due to their location in the nucleus.
    • Electrons can be removed more easily as they are in orbit around the nucleus.

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