Physics Plasma State Overview

Study Notes

Mixtures have varying compositions; pure substances possess uniform compositions.
Heterogeneous mixtures allow identification of components; examples include garden salad and trail mix.
Colloids appear homogeneous but are heterogeneous under tests; examples include milk and styling gel.
Homogeneous mixtures (solutions) have uniform composition, such as brine and orange juice drink.
Elements consist of only one kind of atom; examples include Darmstadtium (Ds) and Hydrogen (H).
Compounds are made of molecules that combine 2 or more elements; examples include Aqua Fortis (HNCO₃) and water (H₂O).

Solid: Defined shape, minimal molecular movement; example: diamond.
Liquid: Molecular movement allows it to take the shape of its container; example: lemon juice.
Gas: High molecular movement, behaves similarly to liquids; example: air.
Sublimation: Solid transitions directly to gas without becoming liquid; example: frozen CO₂.
Deposition: Gas molecules lose energy and form solids; example: water vapor forming snowflakes.

Physical Property: Quantifiable characteristics assessed through measurement or the five senses; examples include mass, color, and length.
Chemical Property: Characteristics assessed based on chemical structure and processes; examples include flammability and toxicity.
Extensive Property: Properties dependent on amount of material, such as mass and volume.
Intensive Property: Properties independent of material amount, like color and density.

Food Additives: Enhance flavor, appearance, and preserve food quality.
Active Ingredients: Biologically active substances in pharmaceuticals and cleaning products.
Cleaning Agents: Remove dirt and odor and may kill microorganisms.
Cosmetics: Enhance appearance and fragrance of users.
Plasma: High-energy state of matter where gas glows; example: neon lights.

Melting: Adding heat to solid transforms it into liquid; example: melting iron bars.
Evaporation: Heating liquid breaks bonds, turning it into gas; example: evaporating saltwater.
Ionization: Heat adds energy to gas, creating ions; example: glowing neon gas.
Recombination: Removing heat from plasma leads to gaseous state; example: cooling neon plasma.
Condensation: Gas molecules lose energy, forming bonds to become liquid; example: water vapor condensing into clouds.
Freezing: Removal of heat in liquids reform them into solids; example: liquid mercury solidifying with liquid nitrogen.