Physics: Motion, Energy, and Laws

• Ocean wave speed depends on acceleration due to gravity, wavelength, and density.
• Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) repeats periodically with a restoring force proportional to displacement
• Motion of a car at constant speed isn't an example of SHM.
• The period of a simple pendulum undergoing SHM is independent of the amplitude of the oscillation
• The SI unit of specific heat capacity is Joule per kilogram per Kelvin (J/kg·K).
• Newton's First Law of Motion: An object remains in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
• Kinetic energy is conserved in an elastic collision.
• The unit of power in the SI system is the watt.

Mass and Retarding Force

• A 2 kg mass with retarding force of -0.5 N will stop after 64m, with an initial velocity of 8 m/s

Bullet and Wood Collision

• A bullet fired into a block of wood represents an inelastic collision

Boy Running Up Steps

• A 40kg boy running up a flight of 50 steps, at 15cm each, for 5 seconds his power output is closest to 600W

Law of Gravitation

• The force between two masses is directly proportional to their product and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

Definition

• Breaking stress of a fiber is the force per unit area required to break it

Sound Waves

• Sound waves travel through air as longitudinal waves

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

• The period of a simple pendulum undergoing SHM depends only on the length of the string

Maximum Speed

• Maximum SHM speed occurs when displacement is zero

Force Unit

• The SI unit of force is the Newton

Work-Energy Theorem

• States that the work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy

Kettle Heating Water

• A 2.3 kW kettle heating 750g of water for 2 minutes allows estimation of specific heat capacity

Latent Heat of Vaporization

• It is the heat to convert 1 kg of water into steam without a temperature change.
• The First Law of Thermodynamics states the conservation of energy.
• Adiabatic process: no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.
• A system absorbs 1500 J of heat, does 2200 J of work; the change in internal energy is -700 J.
• If a bullet of mass 10g moving at 70 m/s penetrates a block of wood for 5 cm, the average stopping force exerted by the wood is 490 N.

Tractor Power

• A tractor moves with force at constant speed of 10 m/s, power output can be calculated.
• A hot air balloon, with density equal to ¾ of the density of air. If the total load is 500 kg, the minimum balloon volume is 2200 m3

Longitudinal Wave

• A sound wave is a longitudinal wave

Resonance Frequency

• A system's resonance frequency depends on its natural frequency

Newton's First Law of Motion

• An object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a net external force

Newton's Second Law

• States force is equal to mass times acceleration

Elastic Collision Characteristics

• Kinetic energy is conserved in an elastic collision -A bullet fired into a wood block conserves momentum in the process

Kettle Rated Power

• A kettle rated at 2.3 kW the quantity that can be directly estimated is power

First law of thermodynamics

• Conservation of energy

Isobaric Process

• A thermodynamic process at constant pressure

Retarding Force

• A negative sign indicates the force acts against motion

Kinetic Energy

• It is described as a 10 g bullet moving at 70 m/s its KE before impact is 24.5 J

Power in Action

• A 40 kg boy runs up 50 steps each 15 cm high in 5 seconds the power required is 600W

Car Going Uphill

• A car of mass 300 kg starts from rest and travels 450 m up an incline at a final speed of 15 m/s both kinetic and potential energy is gathered during this motion

Terminal Velocity

• The terminal velocity of a small oil drop falling through air is determined by viscosity of the air

Longitudinal Wave

• Differing from a transverse wave because particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation

Capacitor

• A capacitor does charge storage

Time Constant

• It is the time taken to reach 63% of its final value

Resonance Definition

• Resonance occurs when an object vibrates at its natural frequency due to an external force
• A fridge vibrating excessively due to wind exhibits resonance

Sound Waves

• Pitch is related to frequency for sound waves

Loudness determination

• Loudness from sound is determined by its amplitude

Guitar String

• The third normal mode frequency of a guitar string depends on length, tension, and mass per unit length

Universal Gravitation

• The force between two masses is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

Gravitational Force

• Force increases when the mass of one or both objects increases

Archimedes' Principle

• A hot air balloon with air density equal to ¾ of the surrounding air can lift a total load of 500 kg. The volume of the balloon required for this lift is determined using Archimedes' principle.

Breaking Stress

• The force per unit area required to fracture the material

Beat Frequency

• For two vibrating strings at 160 Hz and 322 Hz, the beat frequency is 162 Hz

Doppler Effect

• The change in frequency due to motion of source or observer is the Doppler effect.

Sound Waves

• For a sound wave the observer stays stationary while a sound wave travels.

Sound Level Measurement

• Intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB)

First law of thermodynamics

• Conservation of mass

Specific latent heat of vaporization

• The specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is the Heat required to boil 1 kg of a liquid without changing its temperature

Adiabatic Process Characteristic

• No heat exchange with the surroundings distinguishes it

Isothermal Process

• Temperature remains constant

Mass and velocity with x coordinate

• Newton's 2nd Law and kinematic equations help to identify the final x coordinates

Stopping force for bullets

• Calculating force requires average stopping force

Power Required to Run

• A 40 kg boy running up a flight of 50 steps, each 15 cm high, in 5 seconds requires this calculation

Power & Horsepower

• A tractor exerts a force of N while moving at a constant speed of 10 m/s

Work and energy concepts

• Power has relationshipto amount of time work is done

A car mass traveling the acceleration for the car is found by

• Newton's second law

Kinetic Energy Increase

• The car's gain in relates to its mass and velocity squared

Potential Energy

• The formula: U=mgh

Velocity

• The instantaneous velocity of a functional particle requires 1st time derivative

Velocity

• A particle is at rest when its velocity is zero

Capillary Action

• Surface Tension (Capillary rise formula)

Energy: J

• Energy of 1500J & 2200 work -3700J

Gravitational Force

• Force is inversely to square of distance

Gravitational Force

• Newton's Lawof Gravitation

Acceleration Equation

• Acceleration is derived from Force/mass

Hot air

• Archimedes principle with the correct information

Breaking Stress Formula

A)A) \sigma = F/A

Radius Derivation

• Stokes' Law

Vibrating Strunfs

• 162 Hz is calculated

Motion

• Doppler effect

Sound Intensity

• 10 ^ (Delta/10)

Calculation of heating with a boiler

• Q = mcDelta T

Heat

• Q=mL

Charge stored

• A capacitor of 10 µF is charged by a 20V DC supply formula

Energy Storage in capacitor

• E= 1/2 C V^2

Capacitor

• \tau=RC the resistance

Charge to 99%

• 99% change is 5/tau

Wave Equation

• Wave equation_f_n = Fraction_n wave

Explores wave speed, simple harmonic motion (SHM), and Newton's Laws. Includes retarding force on mass, bullet collision with wood, and power output of a boy running steps. Covers kinetic energy, specific heat capacity, and power units.