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According to Newton's rules, forces, accelerations, stress, strain, and viscous flow are not part of classical mechanics.
According to Newton's rules, forces, accelerations, stress, strain, and viscous flow are not part of classical mechanics.
False
Vectors are defined by both magnitude and direction, while scalars are defined by magnitude only.
Vectors are defined by both magnitude and direction, while scalars are defined by magnitude only.
True
The kinematic equation $vf = vo + at$ helps determine the final velocity of an object with uniform acceleration.
The kinematic equation $vf = vo + at$ helps determine the final velocity of an object with uniform acceleration.
True
In projectile motion problems, the first step is to identify the type of motion before drawing a free body diagram.
In projectile motion problems, the first step is to identify the type of motion before drawing a free body diagram.
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Macroscopic forces in biostatistics include electrical and gravitational forces.
Macroscopic forces in biostatistics include electrical and gravitational forces.
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The x-axis in projectile motion has an acceleration of 0 m/s².
The x-axis in projectile motion has an acceleration of 0 m/s².
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The peak of a projectile's motion occurs when the final velocity on the y-axis is zero.
The peak of a projectile's motion occurs when the final velocity on the y-axis is zero.
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In Newton's Law of Momentum, the formula F = ma is used to describe the change in momentum.
In Newton's Law of Momentum, the formula F = ma is used to describe the change in momentum.
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Torque is the product of force and the distance from the axis of rotation, given by the formula T = r f cos Θ.
Torque is the product of force and the distance from the axis of rotation, given by the formula T = r f cos Θ.
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Power is defined as the rate of performing work and is measured in joules.
Power is defined as the rate of performing work and is measured in joules.
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The maximum intensity of sound waves at a distance of 1.0 meters from a 120 Watts source is approximately 9.5 W/m2.
The maximum intensity of sound waves at a distance of 1.0 meters from a 120 Watts source is approximately 9.5 W/m2.
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The maximum intensity of sound waves at a distance of 2.0 meters from the same source is approximately 1.1 W/m2.
The maximum intensity of sound waves at a distance of 2.0 meters from the same source is approximately 1.1 W/m2.
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Acoustic impedance is measured by the ratio of pressure needed to cause motion to the current that pressure causes
Acoustic impedance is measured by the ratio of pressure needed to cause motion to the current that pressure causes
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The degree of coupling between adjacent layers of materials does not affect the speed of sound in materials.
The degree of coupling between adjacent layers of materials does not affect the speed of sound in materials.
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Sound resonance occurs when energy is transferred from one oscillatory system to another at a frequency far from the natural frequency of the receiving system.
Sound resonance occurs when energy is transferred from one oscillatory system to another at a frequency far from the natural frequency of the receiving system.
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Acoustic tweezers are tools used to manipulate bioparticles ranging from nanometers to millimeters in size.
Acoustic tweezers are tools used to manipulate bioparticles ranging from nanometers to millimeters in size.
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Traveling waves in acoustic tweezers are solely passive and do not involve any active manipulation.
Traveling waves in acoustic tweezers are solely passive and do not involve any active manipulation.
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Stethoscopes utilize an air chamber designed to match the sound impedance of the skin with that of the air inside.
Stethoscopes utilize an air chamber designed to match the sound impedance of the skin with that of the air inside.
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Histrotrispy is a thermal method used to treat cancer by destroying tumors with sound.
Histrotrispy is a thermal method used to treat cancer by destroying tumors with sound.
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Electrocardiograms (ECGs) record the amplified sounds of the heart, commonly referred to as the 'lub-dub'.
Electrocardiograms (ECGs) record the amplified sounds of the heart, commonly referred to as the 'lub-dub'.
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Acoustic streaming is generated by the absorption of acoustic energy by the liquid and can be used to manipulate particles indirectly.
Acoustic streaming is generated by the absorption of acoustic energy by the liquid and can be used to manipulate particles indirectly.
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Phonocardiograms can be used to monitor electrical activity of the heart.
Phonocardiograms can be used to monitor electrical activity of the heart.
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Standing waves in acoustic tweezers are formed by the resonance patterns created inside channels.
Standing waves in acoustic tweezers are formed by the resonance patterns created inside channels.
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The equation $F = ma$ represents the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
The equation $F = ma$ represents the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
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Viscosity in fluids decreases with higher temperatures.
Viscosity in fluids decreases with higher temperatures.
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Hypothermia causes blood to become less viscous and thus easier to flow.
Hypothermia causes blood to become less viscous and thus easier to flow.
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Archimedes' Principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
Archimedes' Principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
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Surface tension is defined as the force per unit area acting on a surface.
Surface tension is defined as the force per unit area acting on a surface.
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In fluid dynamics, a higher pressure differential will result in a lower flow rate.
In fluid dynamics, a higher pressure differential will result in a lower flow rate.
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The Continuity Equation expresses the law of conservation of mass for fluids.
The Continuity Equation expresses the law of conservation of mass for fluids.
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Navier-Stokes' Law takes into account both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
Navier-Stokes' Law takes into account both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
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Streamline flow occurs when the Reynolds number is less than 1.
Streamline flow occurs when the Reynolds number is less than 1.
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Bernoulli's Principle implies that pressure and velocity are directly proportional along a streamline.
Bernoulli's Principle implies that pressure and velocity are directly proportional along a streamline.
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The viscosity of a fluid is expressed in units of dynes.
The viscosity of a fluid is expressed in units of dynes.
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In turbulent flow, energy losses are minimized and flow remains steady.
In turbulent flow, energy losses are minimized and flow remains steady.
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Buoyancy points outward from the mass of an object submerged in a fluid.
Buoyancy points outward from the mass of an object submerged in a fluid.
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When a fluid flows through a narrower pipe, its speed increases according to Bernoulli's Principle.
When a fluid flows through a narrower pipe, its speed increases according to Bernoulli's Principle.
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Study Notes
Laws of Mechanics
- Isaac Newton’s laws of motion govern forces, accelerations, stress, strain, and viscous flow.
Biostatistics and Biodynamics
- All levels of living systems are subject to forces.
- Macroscopic systems are governed by electrical and gravitational forces (classical mechanics).
- Microscopic systems are governed by nuclear and weak forces.
- Atomic and molecular systems are governed by quantum mechanics.
Vectors and Scalars
- Vectors have both magnitude and direction.
- Scalars have magnitude only.
Kinematics Equations
- Kinematics equations can be used to calculate velocity, displacement, and acceleration.
- vf = vo + at
- Δx = vot + 1/2at2
- vf2 = vo2 + 2aΔx
Solving Projectile Motion Problems
- Draw a free body diagram.
- Identify the given information.
- Identify the type of projectile motion problem.
- Solve the x-axis and y-axis separately.
Projectile Motion
- Projectile motion has horizontal and vertical components.
- The horizontal component has a constant velocity (ax = 0m/s2).
- The vertical component is influenced by gravity (Ay = -9.81 m/s2).
Newton’s Laws
- Law of Inertia states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.
- Law of Momentum states that the change in momentum of an object is equal to the force applied to it.
- Law of Action and Reaction states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Law of Linear Superposition states that in a linear system, values can be added or subtracted.
- Law of Universal Gravitation: FG = G(m1m2/r2)
Torque
- Torque is the force that causes rotation around an axis.
- T = r f sin Θ
- Torque is measured in Nm (Newton meter).
Work, Energy and Power
- Power is the rate at which work is done.
- Energy is the capacity to do work.
- W = F d cos Θ
- Work is measured in J (joules).
- P = W/t
Viscosity
- Viscosity is the friction between layers of fluid.
- Viscosity is expressed in ‘poise’ or 1 gm/cm sec.
- Viscosity is measured with a viscometer.
- Viscosity depends on temperature.
Viscosity in Blood
- Blood viscosity is affected by temperature, hematocrit, and medical conditions.
- Hypothermia can increase blood viscosity, making blood flow more difficult.
- Leukemia can increase blood viscosity due to higher WBC count.
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
- Buoyancy is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid.
- Archimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
- Buoyancy is dependent on the density of the object.
Surface Tension
- Surface tension is the force per unit length needed to hold a surface together.
- Surface tension is caused by intermolecular forces.
- Surface tension is expressed in ‘dynes’.
Fluid Flow
- Flow is caused by pressure differences.
- Poiseuille’s Law describes fluid flow following a parabolic trajectory.
- The continuity equation relates the density, area, and velocity of a fluid.
- The Navier-Stokes Law takes into account the conservation of mass and momentum for fluids.
Streamline vs Turbulent Flow
- Reynold's Number is used to determine the type of flow.
- Streamline flow occurs for R < 1.
- Vortex flow occurs for 1 < R < 100.
- Turbulent flow for R > 150.
Bernoulli’s Principle
- Bernoulli's Principle states that an increase in fluid speed is associated with a decrease in pressure or potential energy.
- Bernoulli’s Principle applies to incompressible, inviscid, and steady fluids.
Acoustic Impedance
- Acoustic impedance is the resistance of a material to sound energy transfer.
- Acoustic impedance is dependent on the degree of coupling between materials, the density of the material, and dissipative processes.
Sound Resonance
- Sound resonance is the transfer of energy from one oscillatory system to another at a natural frequency.
- Sound resonance is used in medical ultrasound to detect the characteristics of organs.
Acoustic Tweezers
- Acoustic tweezers are used to manipulate bioparticles.
- Acoustic tweezers exploit standing waves, traveling waves, and acoustic streaming to manipulate particles.
Sound in Medicine
- Stethoscopes are used to hear the heartbeat and pulse.
- Microphones can be used to augment hearing or monitor heart sounds.
- Phonocardiogram (PCG) records the acoustic sounds of the heart.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart.
- Histrotrispy is a non-invasive method for treating cancer with sound.
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Description
Test your understanding of the principles of mechanics, including Newton’s laws of motion, kinematics equations, and projectile motion. This quiz covers essential concepts such as vectors, scalars, and the forces that govern different systems in physics.
