Key Concepts in Physics

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses, affects celestial bodies.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.

First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion; calculated as KE = 1/2 mv².
Potential Energy: Stored energy based on position; gravitational potential energy PE = mgh.
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude; describe light and sound waves.
Reflection and Refraction: Change in direction of waves when they bounce off surfaces or enter different media.
Interference: Constructive and destructive interference patterns arise when waves overlap.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (law of energy conservation).
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; natural processes tend towards disorder.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance).
Circuit Types: Series and parallel circuits; behavior of components in each.
Faraday's Law of Induction: A changing magnetic field induces an electric current.

Quantum Mechanics: Describes behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels; includes principles like wave-particle duality and uncertainty.
Theory of Relativity: Includes Special Relativity (time dilation and length contraction) and General Relativity (gravity as the curvature of spacetime).

SI Units: Standard units used in physics (meter for length, kilogram for mass, second for time).
Concept of Scalars vs. Vectors: Scalars have magnitude; vectors have both magnitude and direction.

Gravitational Force is the attraction between objects with mass, affecting celestial bodies like planets and stars.
Electromagnetic Force governs interactions between charged particles, leading to phenomena like electricity and magnetism.
Strong Nuclear Force binds protons and neutrons together within atomic nuclei, holding them in place.
Weak Nuclear Force is responsible for radioactive decay and interactions involving neutrinos.

First Law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a net external force.
Second Law describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration: Force (F) equals mass (m) multiplied by acceleration (a) (F = ma).
Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy of motion and is calculated as KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy is stored energy based on an object's position. Gravitational potential energy (PE) is calculated as PE = mgh, where m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is height.
Conservation of Energy is a fundamental principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Wave Properties describe characteristics of waves, including wavelength (distance between peaks), frequency (number of waves per unit time), and amplitude (maximum displacement from equilibrium).
Reflection occurs when a wave bounces off a surface, changing its direction without altering its speed.
Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another, caused by a change in wave speed.
Interference happens when waves overlap, creating patterns of constructive (amplified) and destructive (cancelled) interference.

Zeroth Law states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This establishes the concept of temperature.
First Law of thermodynamics is a restatement of the conservation of energy, emphasizing that energy cannot be created or destroyed within a closed system.
Second Law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time. This means that natural processes tend towards disorder and randomness.
Third Law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero (-273.15 °C or 0 Kelvin).

Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R): V = IR.
Circuit Types include series circuits, where components are connected in a single path, and parallel circuits, where components are connected in separate branches. The behavior of components in each type of circuit differs.
Faraday's Law of Induction states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF), leading to the generation of an electric current.

Quantum Mechanics is a theory describing the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels. Key concepts include wave-particle duality (particles exhibiting wave-like properties) and the uncertainty principle (limiting the precision with which certain pairs of physical quantities can be known).
Theory of Relativity encompasses two theories: Special Relativity deals with the relationship between space and time and how they are affected by motion at high speeds, leading to concepts like time dilation and length contraction. General Relativity describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by massive objects.

SI Units refer to the International System of Units, which is a standardized system of measurement used in physics and other sciences. Common SI units include the meter (m) for length, the kilogram (kg) for mass, and the second (s) for time.
Scalars are physical quantities that have magnitude only, while Vectors have both magnitude and direction. Examples of scalars include temperature and mass, while examples of vectors include displacement and velocity.

Problem-Solving: Apply fundamental physics concepts by solving a variety of problems.
Diagrams: Use diagrams to visualize complex concepts like forces and motion, aiding in understanding and analysis.
Real-World Examples: Relate theoretical concepts to practical applications in everyday life to enhance comprehension.