Physics Exam 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

A ball at the top of a hill is an example of and a ball rolling down the hill is an example of .

potential energy; kinetic energy

Examples of potential energy include

chemical bonds and concentration gradients

In which case is the energy involved farthest from being kinetic energy?

the energy in chemical bonds

Entropy is

disorder Signup and view all the answers

Cells use energy for which of the following?

All of the answers are correct. Signup and view all the answers

The energy source that powers photosynthesis is

sunlight Signup and view all the answers

When NaCl (table salt) forms, sodium (Na) loses energy by __ and chlorine (Cl) gains energy by _

giving up an electron in oxidation; gaining an electron in reduction Signup and view all the answers

Oxidation-reduction reactions

transfer electrons from one molecule to another Signup and view all the answers

Oxidation means

the loss of electrons from an atom or molecule Signup and view all the answers

Reduction means

the gain of electrons by an atom or molecule Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by

lowering the energy required to start a chemical reaction Signup and view all the answers

The region of an enzyme that catalyzes reactions is called

an active site Signup and view all the answers

If you were working with a 3D model of an enzyme, and you had found a part representing a molecule that fits into the active site, you would have found something that is

a substrate Signup and view all the answers

Competitive inhibition of enzymes

occurs when a substance other than the correct substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes

occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site Signup and view all the answers

Simple diffusion

moves molecules against a concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is

osmosis Signup and view all the answers

If a cell contains 95% water in its cytoplasm and the environment surrounding the cell contains 90% water

water will flow out of the cell by osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Active transport is different from simple diffusion because active transport

Uses ATP Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytosis is

an example of endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of potential energy?

All answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of kinetic energy?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

When electrons are removed from a food molecule, the molecule is

oxidized Signup and view all the answers

Plants require energy from light to perform photosynthesis in which glucose is formed from carbon dioxide and water. This is an example of

a reaction that takes up energy Signup and view all the answers

The CFTR receptor moves chloride ions out of a cell by active transport. This is an example of

a reaction requiring the input of energy (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

Plants are

net O2 producers and CO2 consumers Signup and view all the answers

Animals are

net O2 consumers and CO2 producers Signup and view all the answers

In animal cells, the primary organelle that generates molecules of ATP is the

mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur step by step is because

it enables cells to harness energy released at each step Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula for glucose is

C6H12O6 Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis of a glucose molecule

produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP Signup and view all the answers

The three main biochemical pathways of cellular respiration are

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

The electrons that are transferred during cellular respiration are carried in the molecules

NADH and FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

If asked to point on a diagram of a cell to the place where glycolysis occurs, you would point to the

cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs cycle occurs in the

mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

The electron transport chain occurs in the

mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

The 'spent' electrons from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration are transferred to

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

If you were looking for signs of cellular respiration, you could do tests for the production of

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP Signup and view all the answers

The reactants for cellular respiration are

glucose and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

If you radioactively labelled NADH and FADH2, you would observe that the radioactivity would be transported at the

inner mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

If you were observing mud from the bottom of a pond, you would expect to see glycolysis since it does not require

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, the net number of NADH produced is

2 Signup and view all the answers

The net ATP production in glycolysis is only two because

two molecules of ATP are needed to 'activate' glucose Signup and view all the answers

The only source of ATP production in cells relying on fermentation is

glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs cycle produces , , and carbon dioxide.

ATP, electron carriers Signup and view all the answers

The electron transport chain produces a(n) _____________ gradient.

proton Signup and view all the answers

The theoretical net ATP yield from a molecule of glucose is ______ ATP molecules.

36 Signup and view all the answers

Which energy pathway connects all living organisms?

glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

If you measure the air a person has inhaled and exhaled, you will find that the concentrations have ______ in the exhaled air.

lower O2 concentrations and higher CO2 concentrations Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, electrons are removed from glucose and taken up by molecules like NAD+. In such a reaction, glucose is being _ and NAD+ is being .

oxidized, reduced Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the two membranes of mitochondria?

Protons are pumped into the space between the membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in respiration?

it is reduced at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water. Signup and view all the answers

Cyanide and carbon monoxide block the final step in the electron transport chain. What effect would this have on ATP production in the mitochondria?

decreased ATP, because electrons would not be able to move through the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

A cell produces approximately 30 ATP per glucose molecule. However, if you calculated the total energy in a glucose molecule, 90 ATP should be generated. What is the best explanation for this difference?

Some energy is lost as heat Signup and view all the answers

A variety of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in a diet

provides many molecules that can enter aerobic respiration at different stages. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Types and Transformations

A ball on a hill exemplifies potential energy, while a ball rolling down illustrates kinetic energy.
Potential energy examples include chemical bonds and concentration gradients.
Chemical bond energy is farthest from kinetic energy.

Entropy and Cellular Energy

Entropy refers to disorder in a system.
Cells utilize energy for various processes, including cellular functions and metabolism.

Photosynthesis and Electron Transfer

Photosynthesis is powered by sunlight.
Sodium (Na) loses energy through oxidation (giving up an electron), while chlorine (Cl) gains energy through reduction (gaining an electron).
Oxidation-reduction reactions facilitate electron transfers between molecules.

Enzyme Functionality

Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy needed.
The active site of an enzyme is where reactions are catalyzed.
A substrate is a molecule that fits into the active site of an enzyme.

Inhibition of Enzymes

Competitive inhibition occurs when an alternative substance occupies the enzyme's active site.
Noncompetitive inhibition happens when a substance binds elsewhere on the enzyme, affecting its activity.

Diffusion and Transport Mechanisms

Simple diffusion does not move molecules against a concentration gradient.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
In a situation with 95% water inside a cell and 90% outside, water will exit the cell via osmosis.
Active transport requires energy and is distinct from simple diffusion.

Phagocytosis and Energy Flow

Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis, where cells engulf materials.
Potential energy examples include electrons in chemical bonds, proton gradients, and ATP.
Kinetic energy examples include moving electrons in the electron transport chain.

Cellular Respiration Overview

Cellular respiration involves oxidation of food molecules, leading to the production of ATP.
Glucose's chemical formula is C6H12O6.
Glycolysis nets two ATP molecules from a single glucose molecule.
The three primary biochemical pathways of cellular respiration are glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

Electron Carriers and Processes

Electrons in cellular respiration are transported by NADH and FADH2.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria.
The "spent" electrons in aerobic respiration are transferred to oxygen.

Respiration Observations

Signs of cellular respiration include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP production.
Reactants for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen.
NADH and FADH2 transport radioactivity at the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Fermentation and Energy Yield

Glycolysis is the only ATP source for cells undergoing fermentation.
The Krebs cycle produces ATP, electron carriers, and carbon dioxide.
The electron transport chain establishes a proton gradient.

Energy Production Mechanics

Theoretical net ATP yield from one glucose molecule is 36 ATP.
Glycolysis connects all living organisms by utilizing glucose.
Exhaled air shows lower O2 and higher CO2 concentrations due to cellular respiration.

Redox Reactions in Metabolism

In glucose breakdown, glucose is oxidized, and NAD+ is reduced.
Mitochondrial membranes pump protons to generate an electrochemical gradient.
Oxygen's role in respiration is to be reduced at the electron transport chain's end, forming water.

Implications of Respiratory Blockage

Cyanide and carbon monoxide inhibit the final electron transport step, leading to decreased ATP production.
Energy lost as heat explains the discrepancy between total energy in glucose and actual ATP yield.
A mixed diet of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provides diverse substrates for aerobic respiration.

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Physics Exam 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

A ball at the top of a hill is an example of ______ and a ball rolling down the hill is an example of ______.

Examples of potential energy include

In which case is the energy involved farthest from being kinetic energy?

Entropy is

Cells use energy for which of the following?

The energy source that powers photosynthesis is

When NaCl (table salt) forms, sodium (Na) loses energy by ______ and chlorine (Cl) gains energy by _____

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Oxidation means

Reduction means

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by

The region of an enzyme that catalyzes reactions is called

If you were working with a 3D model of an enzyme, and you had found a part representing a molecule that fits into the active site, you would have found something that is

Competitive inhibition of enzymes

Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes

Simple diffusion

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is

If a cell contains 95% water in its cytoplasm and the environment surrounding the cell contains 90% water

Active transport is different from simple diffusion because active transport

Phagocytosis is

Which of the following are examples of potential energy?

Which of the following are examples of kinetic energy?

When electrons are removed from a food molecule, the molecule is

Plants require energy from light to perform photosynthesis in which glucose is formed from carbon dioxide and water. This is an example of

The CFTR receptor moves chloride ions out of a cell by active transport. This is an example of

Plants are

Animals are

In animal cells, the primary organelle that generates molecules of ATP is the

The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur step by step is because

The chemical formula for glucose is

Glycolysis of a glucose molecule

The three main biochemical pathways of cellular respiration are

The electrons that are transferred during cellular respiration are carried in the molecules

If asked to point on a diagram of a cell to the place where glycolysis occurs, you would point to the

The Krebs cycle occurs in the

The electron transport chain occurs in the

The 'spent' electrons from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration are transferred to

If you were looking for signs of cellular respiration, you could do tests for the production of

The reactants for cellular respiration are

If you radioactively labelled NADH and FADH2, you would observe that the radioactivity would be transported at the

If you were observing mud from the bottom of a pond, you would expect to see glycolysis since it does not require

In glycolysis, the net number of NADH produced is

The net ATP production in glycolysis is only two because

The only source of ATP production in cells relying on fermentation is

The Krebs cycle produces ______, ______, and carbon dioxide.

The electron transport chain produces a(n) _____________ gradient.

The theoretical net ATP yield from a molecule of glucose is ______ ATP molecules.

Which energy pathway connects all living organisms?

If you measure the air a person has inhaled and exhaled, you will find that the concentrations have ______ in the exhaled air.

In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, electrons are removed from glucose and taken up by molecules like NAD+. In such a reaction, glucose is being _____ and NAD+ is being ____.

What is the function of the two membranes of mitochondria?

What is the role of oxygen in respiration?

Cyanide and carbon monoxide block the final step in the electron transport chain. What effect would this have on ATP production in the mitochondria?

A cell produces approximately 30 ATP per glucose molecule. However, if you calculated the total energy in a glucose molecule, 90 ATP should be generated. What is the best explanation for this difference?

A variety of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in a diet

Study Notes

Energy Types and Transformations

Entropy and Cellular Energy

Photosynthesis and Electron Transfer

Enzyme Functionality

Inhibition of Enzymes

Diffusion and Transport Mechanisms

Phagocytosis and Energy Flow

Cellular Respiration Overview

Electron Carriers and Processes

Respiration Observations

Fermentation and Energy Yield

Energy Production Mechanics

Redox Reactions in Metabolism

Implications of Respiratory Blockage

Studying That Suits You

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A ball at the top of a hill is an example of and a ball rolling down the hill is an example of .

When NaCl (table salt) forms, sodium (Na) loses energy by __ and chlorine (Cl) gains energy by _

The Krebs cycle produces , , and carbon dioxide.

In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, electrons are removed from glucose and taken up by molecules like NAD+. In such a reaction, glucose is being _ and NAD+ is being .