Physics Concepts Quiz: Particle Physics, Electromagnetism, and Mechanics

Study Notes

Hadrons and leptons are two main groups of particles in physics
Leptons include the electron, muon, and neutrino, with an electron number of one
Antileptons have an electron number of minus one
Hadrons consist of baryons (three quarks) and mesons (quark-antiquark pairs)
Quark flavors include up, down, and strange with specific charges
Barions have a baryon number of plus a third
Exchange particles like photons mediate the electromagnetic force
Weak nuclear force involves W+, W-, or Z0 bosons as exchange particles
Strong nuclear force acts on hadrons through pions or gluons
Conservation laws include charge, baryon number, and lepton number
Beta decay involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton
Radiation types include alpha, beta, and gamma emissions
Defraction patterns demonstrate the wave nature of particles
Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit
Resistance can be omic (constant) or non-omic (changing)
Metals have changing resistance due to collisions between free electrons and ions- Resistance increases when ions vibrate more due to frequent collisions when current passes through a material.
Diode allows current to flow in one direction only, with high resistance in one direction and low resistance in the other.
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) emit light and act as diodes in circuits.
Superconductors have zero resistance below the critical temperature, needing cooling to reach this point.
Resistivity is the resistance of a cube of unit length sides of a material, measured in ohm meters.
Resistivity can be calculated using the formula ρ = RA/L, where ρ is resistivity, R is resistance, A is area, and L is length.
In series circuits, total potential difference is shared, current remains the same, and resistance adds up.
In parallel circuits, potential difference across branches is the same, current is shared, and total resistance decreases.
Total internal resistance of batteries affects terminal potential difference available to the circuit.
Optic fibers work by using cladding to allow total internal reflection for efficient light transmission.- Young's double slit equation W = λd/s calculates the fringe spacing between bright or dark fringes, where d is the slit-to-screen distance and s is the slit separation.
When using sound waves instead of light in Young's double slit experiment, walking through Maxima and Minima points causes volume fluctuations due to interference patterns.
Single slit diffraction results in a pattern where the central max is wider and the intensity falls away quicker compared to double slit interference patterns.
Coherent light from a laser is preferred for experiments due to its monochromatic nature, providing well-defined fringes, unlike white light that splits into colors due to varying wavelengths.
Gratings with small lines separated by spacing "d" result in constructive interference only at specific points called orders, represented accurately by the equation nλ = d sin(θ).
Newton's laws cover various aspects of motion, with the first law stating objects remain in constant motion or rest without a resultant force acting on them.
Newton's second law relates unbalanced forces to acceleration, while the third law explains equal and opposite reaction forces for every action force.
Momentum is mass times velocity, always conserved in collisions, while kinetic energy may not be conserved in inelastic collisions.
Impulse is the change in momentum over time, with force equal to the rate of change of momentum.
Torque is a turning force around a pivot, calculated as force times distance to the pivot and relies on perpendicular force and distance components for accurate calculation.