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Questions and Answers
What is the formula for calculating speed?
What is the formula for calculating speed?
What is the distance between two consecutive troughs of a wave called?
What is the distance between two consecutive troughs of a wave called?
Which of the following types of waves requires a medium to travel through?
Which of the following types of waves requires a medium to travel through?
What property of sound is most directly related to its frequency?
What property of sound is most directly related to its frequency?
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What happens to the pitch of a sound as its frequency increases?
What happens to the pitch of a sound as its frequency increases?
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Which force is responsible for keeping an object in motion along a circular path?
Which force is responsible for keeping an object in motion along a circular path?
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What is the primary effect observed when light transitions from one medium to another?
What is the primary effect observed when light transitions from one medium to another?
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What is the law that states the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?
What is the law that states the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?
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Which type of rock is characterized by its formation from cooled and solidified magma?
Which type of rock is characterized by its formation from cooled and solidified magma?
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What is the process by which new oceanic crust is generated at mid-ocean ridges?
What is the process by which new oceanic crust is generated at mid-ocean ridges?
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Study Notes
Physics
- Speed formula: Speed = Distance ÷ Time
- Distance vs. Displacement: Distance is the total path traveled, while displacement is the straight-line distance between starting and ending points.
- Velocity SI unit: Meters per second (m/s)
- Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity over time
- Uniform motion: Object moving at a constant speed in a straight line
- Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (Law of Inertia)
- Newton's Second Law formula: Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma)
- Force SI unit: Newton (N)
- Friction: Force that opposes motion of objects in contact
- Centripetal force: Force that causes an object to move in a circular path
- Work formula: Work = Force × Distance × cos(θ)
- Work SI unit: Joule (J)
- Power formula: Power = Work ÷ Time
- Potential energy vs. Kinetic energy: Potential energy is energy due to position, kinetic energy is energy due to motion
- Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
Waves
- Crest: Highest point of a wave
- Wavelength: Distance between two consecutive crests or troughs
- Frequency SI unit: Hertz (Hz)
- Mechanical wave: Requires a medium to travel
- Electromagnetic wave: Does not need a medium to travel
- Speed of sound (room temp): Approximately 343 m/s
- Pitch: Property of sound related to its frequency
- Loudness unit: Decibel (dB)
- Sound wave type: Longitudinal
- Pitch and frequency relationship: Pitch increases as frequency increases
- Speed of light (vacuum): 3 × 108 m/s
- Refraction: Bending of light as it passes through a different medium
- Dispersion: Splitting of white light into its component colors
- Shortest wavelength color: Violet
- Law of reflection: Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection
Earth Science
- Earthquake focus vs. epicenter: Focus is inside Earth where earthquake originates; epicenter is on surface above focus
- Magnitude vs. Intensity: Magnitude measures energy released; intensity measures effects on people and structures.
- Fault types: Active and inactive faults
- Fastest seismic wave: Primary waves (P-waves)
- Earthquake magnitude measurement: Seismograph
- Typhoon development: Develop over warm ocean waters; moist air rises, cools, and condenses into clouds, forming a low-pressure system
- Typhoon weakening: Weakens when moving over land, loses energy source (warm ocean water).
- PAGASA role: Monitors and provides updates on typhoons and weather conditions
- Most destructive typhoon category: Signal No. 5 (super typhoon)
- Essential emergency kit items: Water, food, flashlights, batteries, first aid kit, important documents
- Rock types: Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
- Sedimentary rock formation: Compaction and cementation of sediments
- Mineral property related to light reflection: Luster
- Rock type from cooled magma/lava: Igneous
- Tectonic plate movement cause: Convection currents in mantle
- New oceanic crust formation: Seafloor spreading
- Plate boundary forming trenches: Convergent boundaries
- Feature at divergent boundaries: Rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges
- Plate boundary causing earthquakes: Transform boundaries
- Weathering vs. Erosion: Weathering breaks down rocks, erosion transports the broken pieces
- Mechanical weathering cause: Temperature changes (freeze-thaw cycles)
- Landforms created by river erosion: Valleys, canyons
- Term for soil, sand, rocks transported: Sediments
- Earthquake safety: Drop, Cover, and Hold On
Chemistry
- Subatomic particles: Protons, neutrons, electrons
- Part of atom containing protons & neutrons: Nucleus
- Electron Charge: Negative
- Atomic number significance: Number of protons
- Mass number calculation: Sum of protons and neutrons
- Smallest unit of an element: Atom
- Substance composed of 2+ elements: Compound
- Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous mixtures: Homogeneous has uniform composition; heterogeneous has visibly different components
- Separation technique (liquid from solid): Decantation
- Separation technique (different densities): Centrifugation
- Element with symbol 'Na': Sodium
- Periodic table trend (electron removal): Ionization energy increases across a period
- Bond type between metals & nonmetals: Ionic
- Covalent bond description: Electrons shared between atoms
- Cation charge: Positive
- Force holding atoms together: Chemical bond
- Bond type in water (H2O): Covalent
- Law of Conservation of Mass in reactions: Mass cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
- Starting materials in reaction: Reactants
- Products of reaction: Substances produced
- Reaction combining 2+ substances into 1: Synthesis
- Methane combustion equation: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
- Solution definition: Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
- Substance that dissolves: Solvent
- Substance dissolved: Solute
Biology
- Basic unit of life: Cell
- Control center of a cell: Nucleus
- Organelle for energy production: Mitochondria
- Plant cell differences: Cell wall, chloroplasts
- Water movement across a membrane: Osmosis
- Levels of biological organization (simple to complex): Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
- Plant tissue for transport: Vascular tissue
- Organ system for oxygen/nutrient transport: Circulatory system
- Organ system for waste removal: Excretory system
- Nervous system function: Control and coordinate body activities
- Main reproductive organ (female): Ovaries
- Uniting of sperm and egg: Fertilization
- Egg release from ovary: Ovulation
- Nourishment/oxygen for fetus: Placenta
- Father of genetics: Gregor Mendel
- Units of heredity: Genes
- Physical expression of a trait: Phenotype
- Organism with identical alleles: Homozygous
- Diagram for predicting genetic crosses: Punnett square
- All living and nonliving in an area: Ecosystem
- Organisms making own food: Producers
- Organisms breaking down other organisms: Decomposers
- Relationship where both benefit: Mutualism
- Energy flow in a food chain: Sun → Producers → Consumers → Decomposers
- Biodiversity definition: Variety of life in an area
- Biodiversity importance: Ensures ecosystem stability, provides resources
- Main cause of biodiversity loss: Habitat destruction
- Natural process of species disappearing: Extinction
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Description
Test your knowledge on fundamental physics concepts with this engaging quiz. From mechanics to waves and light, answer questions that cover essential principles and properties. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of physics topics.
