Physics Chapter on Waves and Light

Vibrations per unit time, measured in Hertz.

Distance between two consecutive points of a wave, measured in meters.

Speed of a wave, how fast it travels through a medium.

The height of the wave; measures the extent of oscillation from the midpoint.

A formula relating wave velocity, frequency, and wavelength: Velocity = Frequency × Wavelength.

When light hits a surface, it bounces off at the same angle.

The angle at which incoming light strikes a surface before reflection.

The angle at which light bounces off a surface after reflection.

The change in direction of a wave when it enters a new medium, altering speed and wavelength.

A lens that brings light rays together, thicker in the middle.

Waves that move along the same direction as the wave propagation.

Waves where the motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Compression waves of particles in a medium, transmitting energy through vibrations.

Shorter wavelengths result in higher pitch sounds.

The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, with visible light as a small part.

Mechanical breakdown and enzymatic action on food.

The clear, dome-shaped surface that helps focus incoming light.

Mixes food with acid and enzymes for further breakdown.

The layer containing photoreceptors that convert light into electrical signals.

Final digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here.

A condition where light is focused in front of the retina, causing distant objects to appear blurry.

Extracts water and compacts waste into feces.

Vision distortion due to an irregularly shaped cornea.

Movement of nutrient particles from high to low concentration.

The process of sending electrical signals from the retina to the brain via the optic nerve.

A storage form of glucose in plants for energy.

A component of plant cell walls, providing structure and support.

Organelles in cells that produce energy (ATP) from glucose.

A process where cells exchange gases and produce energy from glucose.

An organelle in plant cells that enables photosynthesis.

The process by which plants convert sunlight into glucose and oxygen using CO2 and H2O.

A test where iodine solution turns black/blue/purple in the presence of starch.

A test where Benedict's solution changes color (green to red) indicating the presence of glucose.

Fats provide energy storage, insulation, and help carry vitamins in the body.

Minerals like calcium and iron are essential for bone health and oxygen transport in blood.

The process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

A smaller molecule formed from glucose during glycolysis; can enter mitochondria if oxygen is available.

A series of reactions in mitochondria producing energy and carbon dioxide from Acetyl CoA.

A process in mitochondria where electrons create a gradient to produce ATP and water.

Process converting pyruvate into lactic acid when oxygen is not available, used for energy in cells.