Physics Chapter on Waves
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Physics Chapter on Waves

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Questions and Answers

What is the direction of particle oscillation in transverse waves?

  • Parallel to wave energy direction
  • In the same direction as wave velocity
  • Random oscillation
  • Perpendicular to wave energy direction (correct)

    • The amplitude of a wave is defined as the minimum displacement from the rest position.

    False

    What is the unit of frequency?

    Hertz (Hz)

    The formula for wave speed can be expressed as _____ = fλ.

    <p>v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about intensity is true?

    <p>Intensity is the rate of energy transmitted per unit area at right angles to wave velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Amplitude = Maximum displacement from rest position Wavelength = Distance between two adjacent wavefronts Frequency = Number of complete oscillations per unit time Period = Time taken for one complete oscillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A stationary wave is characterized by _____ energy transfer.

    <p>no</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is used to measure intensity in waves?

    <p>W/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intensity is directly proportional to the amplitude squared.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of waves, a change in time affecting phase difference is measured in __________.

    <p>period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic phase of a wave?

    <p>Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the source of a wave is moving away from the observer, the observed frequency increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the source and observer of a wave are stationary relative to each other?

    <p>No Doppler effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term to its correct description regarding wave properties:

    <p>Crest = Highest point of a wave Trough = Lowest point of a wave Compression = Region of high pressure in a wave Rarefaction = Region of low pressure in a wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The observed frequency of a wave increases as the source __________ to the observer.

    <p>moves closer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the observed frequency when the source and observer move away from each other?

    <p>The observed frequency decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only longitudinal waves can be plane polarized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that sound waves cannot be polarized?

    <p>Sound waves are longitudinal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electromagnetic waves are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a ___________ field.

    <p>magnetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Doppler effect = Change in frequency due to relative motion between source and observer Polarization = Orientation of waves in a single direction Electromagnetic spectrum = Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation Transverse wave = Wave in which vibrations occur perpendicular to direction of travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Doppler effect equations, what does the '+' sign indicate?

    <p>The source and observer are moving away from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All types of electromagnetic waves can be polarized.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect called that describes the change in frequency of waves due to the motion of the source or observer?

    <p>Doppler effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The observed wavelength is given by the equation __________ = v / fs.

    <p>λ0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength (λ) of a wave?

    <p>The distance between two adjacent wavefronts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transverse waves have particle oscillation that is perpendicular to the direction of wave energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit used to measure wave speed?

    <p>meters per second (m/s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intensity of a wave is defined as the rate of energy transmitted (power) per unit area at __________ to the wave velocity.

    <p>right angles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Amplitude = The maximum displacement from the rest position Frequency = The number of complete oscillations per unit time Period = The time taken for one complete oscillation Wave speed = The distance moved by wave per unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes wave speed?

    <p>Wavelength multiplied by frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Intensity' in wave properties refer to?

    <p>The rate of energy transmitted per unit area at right angles to wave velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the observed frequency when the source moves towards the observer?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Doppler effect only applies to sound waves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intensity is directly proportional to the square of the ________.

    <p>amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the source of a wave moves away from the observer, what happens to the pitch?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Frequency = Number of cycles per second Wavelength = Distance between successive crests Period = Time taken for one complete cycle Wave speed = Distance a wave travels per unit of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phase difference is measured in degrees.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The change in length affecting phase difference can be calculated using the formula ________ × 2𝜋 / wavelength.

    <p>change in length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the observed frequency when the source moves away from the observer?

    <p>Redshift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the observed frequency when the source is moving towards the observer?

    <p>The frequency increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Longitudinal waves can be plane polarized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the Doppler effect.

    <p>The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The observed wavelength can be described by the equation λ0 = _____ / fs.

    <p>v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the Doppler effect equations to their descriptions:

    <p>fs = Source emitting frequency v = Wave speed vs = Relative speed between source and observer f0 = Observed frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the observed frequency is true when the source is moving away from the observer?

    <p>The observed frequency decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All electromagnetic waves can be plane polarized.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a wave can be polarized?

    <p>The type of wave, where only transverse waves can be polarized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The waves created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field are known as _____ waves.

    <p>electromagnetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Progressive Waves

    • Transfer energy
    • Types of waves: transverse and longitudinal
    • Transverse waves: particle oscillation is perpendicular to wave energy direction
    • Longitudinal waves: particle oscillation is parallel to wave energy direction
    • Amplitude: maximum displacement of a particle from its rest position; measured in metres (m)
    • Wavelength: distance between two adjacent wavefronts; measured in metres (m)
    • Frequency: number of complete oscillations per unit time; measured in Hertz (Hz)
    • Period: time taken for one complete oscillation; measured in seconds (s)
    • Wave speed: distance moved by a wave per unit time; measured in metres per second (m/s)
    • Wave speed equation: v = fλ = λ/T

    Stationary Waves

    • Formed when two identical waves travelling in opposite directions interfere
    • Do not transfer energy
    • Nodes: points of zero displacement
    • Antinodes: points of maximum displacement

    Intensity

    • Defined as the rate of energy transmitted (power) per unit area at right angles to the wave velocity
    • Measured in Watts per square metre (W/m²)
    • Intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude
    • Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of distance from the source

    Phase

    • Phase difference: the difference in position of two points on a wave, measured in degrees or radians
    • In phase: phase difference of 0° or 360°
    • Exactly out of phase: phase difference of 180°

    Doppler Effect

    • Observed frequency is different from the source frequency when the source moves relative to the observer
    • Moving towards: observed frequency is higher, pitch is higher, moves towards blue in the electromagnetic spectrum
    • Moving away: observed frequency is lower, pitch is lower, moves towards red in the electromagnetic spectrum

    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    • A range of electromagnetic waves, with varying frequencies and wavelengths
    • Includes: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays

    Polarisation

    • Only transverse waves can be plane polarised
    • Electromagnetic waves can be plane polarised
    • Plane polarised: oscillations are in a single direction, perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
    • Longitudinal waves cannot be polarised: because they vibrate along the direction of wave travel, so no matter the orientation of the slit, the waves will be able to get through
    • Malus’s Law: relates the intensity of polarised light after passing through a polariser to the angle between the polarisation direction of the light and the transmission axis of the polariser.
    • Intensity after passing through the polariser is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between the polarisation direction and the transmission axis.

    Progressive waves

    • Transfer energy
    • Can be longitudinal or transverse

    Transverse waves

    • Particle oscillation perpendicular to wave energy direction

    Longitudinal waves

    • Particle oscillation parallel to wave energy direction

    Wave properties

    • Amplitude: Maximum displacement from equilibrium position, measured in meters (m).
    • Wavelength (λ): Distance between two adjacent wavefronts, measured in meters (m).
    • Frequency (f): Number of complete oscillations per unit time, measured in Hertz (Hz).
    • Period (T): Time taken for one complete oscillation, measured in seconds (s).

    Wave speed

    • Distance moved by the wave in a given time
    • Calculated using the equation: wave speed (v) = distance moved by wave / time taken
    • Can also be calculated using: v = λ / T = fλ
    • Unit: meters per second (m/s)

    Types of waves

    • Progressive waves: Transfer energy forward
    • Stationary waves: form when two waves of the same frequency and amplitude interfere, resulting in fixed points of maximum and minimum displacement called nodes and antinodes.

    Intensity

    • Rate of energy transmitted (power) per unit area at right angles to the wave velocity
    • Calculated using the equation: Intensity = Power / Area, unit: W/m2
    • Intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude: intensity ∝ amplitude2
    • Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of distance: intensity ∝ 1/distance2

    Phase

    • The position of a point on a wave at a given time relative to a reference point.
    • Phase difference can be calculated using the change in time, period or change in length and wavelength.
    • Phase difference is measured in degrees or radians.
    • Two waves are in phase when their crests and troughs align.
    • Two waves are exactly out of phase when their crests align with the troughs of the other wave.

    Doppler Effect

    • Change in observed frequency when the source of the wave and the observer are moving relative to each other.
    • Observed frequency is higher than source frequency when the source is moving towards the observer
    • Observed frequency is lower than the source frequency when the source is moving away from the observer

    Electromagnetic spectrum

    • Waves produced by the vibrations of electric and magnetic fields.
    • Transverse waves.
    • Examples of uses: 3D movies, sunglasses, cameras.

    Polarisation

    • Transverse waves can be plane polarized.
    • Plane polarized waves oscillate in a single direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
    • Longitudinal waves cannot be polarized because they oscillate along the direction of wave travel.

    Malus's Law

    • Describes the intensity of light passing through a polarizer.
    • The intensity of the light after passing through the polarizer is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between the polarization direction of the light and the transmission axis of the polarizer.
    • Equation: I = I0(cosθ)2, where I0 is the initial intensity of the polarized light and θ is the angle between the polarization direction and the transmission axis.

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