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Questions and Answers
What is the direction of particle oscillation in transverse waves?
What is the direction of particle oscillation in transverse waves?
The amplitude of a wave is defined as the minimum displacement from the rest position.
The amplitude of a wave is defined as the minimum displacement from the rest position.
False
What is the unit of frequency?
What is the unit of frequency?
Hertz (Hz)
The formula for wave speed can be expressed as _____ = fλ.
The formula for wave speed can be expressed as _____ = fλ.
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Which of the following statements about intensity is true?
Which of the following statements about intensity is true?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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A stationary wave is characterized by _____ energy transfer.
A stationary wave is characterized by _____ energy transfer.
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What unit is used to measure intensity in waves?
What unit is used to measure intensity in waves?
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Intensity is directly proportional to the amplitude squared.
Intensity is directly proportional to the amplitude squared.
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What represents the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position?
What represents the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position?
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In the context of waves, a change in time affecting phase difference is measured in __________.
In the context of waves, a change in time affecting phase difference is measured in __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic phase of a wave?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic phase of a wave?
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When the source of a wave is moving away from the observer, the observed frequency increases.
When the source of a wave is moving away from the observer, the observed frequency increases.
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What occurs when the source and observer of a wave are stationary relative to each other?
What occurs when the source and observer of a wave are stationary relative to each other?
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Match the term to its correct description regarding wave properties:
Match the term to its correct description regarding wave properties:
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The observed frequency of a wave increases as the source __________ to the observer.
The observed frequency of a wave increases as the source __________ to the observer.
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What happens to the observed frequency when the source and observer move away from each other?
What happens to the observed frequency when the source and observer move away from each other?
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Only longitudinal waves can be plane polarized.
Only longitudinal waves can be plane polarized.
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What is the primary reason that sound waves cannot be polarized?
What is the primary reason that sound waves cannot be polarized?
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Electromagnetic waves are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a ___________ field.
Electromagnetic waves are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a ___________ field.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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In the Doppler effect equations, what does the '+' sign indicate?
In the Doppler effect equations, what does the '+' sign indicate?
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All types of electromagnetic waves can be polarized.
All types of electromagnetic waves can be polarized.
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What is the effect called that describes the change in frequency of waves due to the motion of the source or observer?
What is the effect called that describes the change in frequency of waves due to the motion of the source or observer?
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The observed wavelength is given by the equation __________ = v / fs.
The observed wavelength is given by the equation __________ = v / fs.
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What is the wavelength (λ) of a wave?
What is the wavelength (λ) of a wave?
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Transverse waves have particle oscillation that is perpendicular to the direction of wave energy.
Transverse waves have particle oscillation that is perpendicular to the direction of wave energy.
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What is the unit used to measure wave speed?
What is the unit used to measure wave speed?
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The intensity of a wave is defined as the rate of energy transmitted (power) per unit area at __________ to the wave velocity.
The intensity of a wave is defined as the rate of energy transmitted (power) per unit area at __________ to the wave velocity.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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Which of the following correctly describes wave speed?
Which of the following correctly describes wave speed?
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What does the term 'Intensity' in wave properties refer to?
What does the term 'Intensity' in wave properties refer to?
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What happens to the observed frequency when the source moves towards the observer?
What happens to the observed frequency when the source moves towards the observer?
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The Doppler effect only applies to sound waves.
The Doppler effect only applies to sound waves.
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What term describes the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position?
What term describes the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position?
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Intensity is directly proportional to the square of the ________.
Intensity is directly proportional to the square of the ________.
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When the source of a wave moves away from the observer, what happens to the pitch?
When the source of a wave moves away from the observer, what happens to the pitch?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Phase difference is measured in degrees.
Phase difference is measured in degrees.
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The change in length affecting phase difference can be calculated using the formula ________ × 2𝜋 / wavelength.
The change in length affecting phase difference can be calculated using the formula ________ × 2𝜋 / wavelength.
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What is the term used to describe the observed frequency when the source moves away from the observer?
What is the term used to describe the observed frequency when the source moves away from the observer?
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What happens to the observed frequency when the source is moving towards the observer?
What happens to the observed frequency when the source is moving towards the observer?
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Longitudinal waves can be plane polarized.
Longitudinal waves can be plane polarized.
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Define the Doppler effect.
Define the Doppler effect.
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The observed wavelength can be described by the equation λ0 = _____ / fs.
The observed wavelength can be described by the equation λ0 = _____ / fs.
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Match the following components of the Doppler effect equations to their descriptions:
Match the following components of the Doppler effect equations to their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements about the observed frequency is true when the source is moving away from the observer?
Which of the following statements about the observed frequency is true when the source is moving away from the observer?
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All electromagnetic waves can be plane polarized.
All electromagnetic waves can be plane polarized.
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What determines whether a wave can be polarized?
What determines whether a wave can be polarized?
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The waves created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field are known as _____ waves.
The waves created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field are known as _____ waves.
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Study Notes
Progressive Waves
- Transfer energy
- Types of waves: transverse and longitudinal
- Transverse waves: particle oscillation is perpendicular to wave energy direction
- Longitudinal waves: particle oscillation is parallel to wave energy direction
- Amplitude: maximum displacement of a particle from its rest position; measured in metres (m)
- Wavelength: distance between two adjacent wavefronts; measured in metres (m)
- Frequency: number of complete oscillations per unit time; measured in Hertz (Hz)
- Period: time taken for one complete oscillation; measured in seconds (s)
- Wave speed: distance moved by a wave per unit time; measured in metres per second (m/s)
- Wave speed equation: v = fλ = λ/T
Stationary Waves
- Formed when two identical waves travelling in opposite directions interfere
- Do not transfer energy
- Nodes: points of zero displacement
- Antinodes: points of maximum displacement
Intensity
- Defined as the rate of energy transmitted (power) per unit area at right angles to the wave velocity
- Measured in Watts per square metre (W/m²)
- Intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude
- Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of distance from the source
Phase
- Phase difference: the difference in position of two points on a wave, measured in degrees or radians
- In phase: phase difference of 0° or 360°
- Exactly out of phase: phase difference of 180°
Doppler Effect
- Observed frequency is different from the source frequency when the source moves relative to the observer
- Moving towards: observed frequency is higher, pitch is higher, moves towards blue in the electromagnetic spectrum
- Moving away: observed frequency is lower, pitch is lower, moves towards red in the electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- A range of electromagnetic waves, with varying frequencies and wavelengths
- Includes: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays
Polarisation
- Only transverse waves can be plane polarised
- Electromagnetic waves can be plane polarised
- Plane polarised: oscillations are in a single direction, perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
- Longitudinal waves cannot be polarised: because they vibrate along the direction of wave travel, so no matter the orientation of the slit, the waves will be able to get through
- Malus’s Law: relates the intensity of polarised light after passing through a polariser to the angle between the polarisation direction of the light and the transmission axis of the polariser.
- Intensity after passing through the polariser is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between the polarisation direction and the transmission axis.
Progressive waves
- Transfer energy
- Can be longitudinal or transverse
Transverse waves
- Particle oscillation perpendicular to wave energy direction
Longitudinal waves
- Particle oscillation parallel to wave energy direction
Wave properties
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from equilibrium position, measured in meters (m).
- Wavelength (λ): Distance between two adjacent wavefronts, measured in meters (m).
- Frequency (f): Number of complete oscillations per unit time, measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Period (T): Time taken for one complete oscillation, measured in seconds (s).
Wave speed
- Distance moved by the wave in a given time
- Calculated using the equation: wave speed (v) = distance moved by wave / time taken
- Can also be calculated using: v = λ / T = fλ
- Unit: meters per second (m/s)
Types of waves
- Progressive waves: Transfer energy forward
- Stationary waves: form when two waves of the same frequency and amplitude interfere, resulting in fixed points of maximum and minimum displacement called nodes and antinodes.
Intensity
- Rate of energy transmitted (power) per unit area at right angles to the wave velocity
- Calculated using the equation: Intensity = Power / Area, unit: W/m2
- Intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude: intensity ∝ amplitude2
- Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of distance: intensity ∝ 1/distance2
Phase
- The position of a point on a wave at a given time relative to a reference point.
- Phase difference can be calculated using the change in time, period or change in length and wavelength.
- Phase difference is measured in degrees or radians.
- Two waves are in phase when their crests and troughs align.
- Two waves are exactly out of phase when their crests align with the troughs of the other wave.
Doppler Effect
- Change in observed frequency when the source of the wave and the observer are moving relative to each other.
- Observed frequency is higher than source frequency when the source is moving towards the observer
- Observed frequency is lower than the source frequency when the source is moving away from the observer
Electromagnetic spectrum
- Waves produced by the vibrations of electric and magnetic fields.
- Transverse waves.
- Examples of uses: 3D movies, sunglasses, cameras.
Polarisation
- Transverse waves can be plane polarized.
- Plane polarized waves oscillate in a single direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
- Longitudinal waves cannot be polarized because they oscillate along the direction of wave travel.
Malus's Law
- Describes the intensity of light passing through a polarizer.
- The intensity of the light after passing through the polarizer is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between the polarization direction of the light and the transmission axis of the polarizer.
- Equation: I = I0(cosθ)2, where I0 is the initial intensity of the polarized light and θ is the angle between the polarization direction and the transmission axis.
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Description
Test your understanding of progressive and stationary waves in this physics quiz. Explore key concepts such as amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and wave speed, along with the characteristics of wave interference involved in stationary waves. Perfect for students studying waves in their physics curriculum.