Physics Chapter on Radioactivity and Sound

Radioactive Counting Error

• If radioactive counting is measured for four times longer with constant activity, the absolute error doubles.

SI Units

• Speed and weight are not SI units.

Stochastic Biological Effects

• Stochastic biological effects increase in frequency as dose increases.
• These effects are heritable.

Light Ray Path in the Eye

• The direction of a light ray changes most significantly upon entering the cornea.

Viscous Liquid Volume Velocity

• The volume velocity of a viscous liquid is directly proportional to the pressure difference.

Sound Source and Detector

• If a sound source approaches a detector, the detected frequency is higher than the emitted frequency.
• If Stokes' law applies, the diffusion constant is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the medium.

Isotopes for Blood Dilution Volume

• 51Cr and 131I isotopes are used to measure the dilution volume of blood.

True Statements (Page 2)

• The transmission speed of higher sounds is slower than deeper sounds.
• Mediated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion.

Radioactive Isotope Decay Constant

• The decay constant of a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 1 second is approximately 0.7/s.

EEG Waves in Resting Brain

• The resting brain emits alpha waves.

Biconcave Lens

• A biconcave lens is a diverging lens.
• If the refractive index of a lens is greater than the refractive index of the medium surrounding it, it is a diverging lens.

Imaging Equipment and Brain Resolution

• CT scanning is an imaging technique where absorption by the skull impairs the resolution of brain images.

Laplace Law

• In a pipe with a circular cross-section, the tension created by pressure is described by Laplace's law.

Blood Pressure Change During Standing

• Blood pressure in the brain decreases when a person stands up suddenly.

Laminar Blood Volume Velocity

• If the radius of a blood vessel increases by 19%, the volume velocity of laminar blood flowing in the tube doubles.

Imaging Procedures using Ionizing Radiation

• CT and PET scans use ionizing radiation to create images.

Dark-Adapted Eye Sensitivity

• The dark-adapted eye is the most sensitive.

Coherent Light Waves Interference

• Two light waves interfere permanently if they are coherent and have a constant phase difference.

SI Unit for 1/s

• The SI unit for 1/s is frequency and decay constant.

Korotkoff Noise

• Korotkoff noise occurs when the pressure of the air bag is lower than the peak pressure created by the heart.

Ionizing Radiation Biological Effect

• 3 MeV energy alpha radiation has the greatest biological effect when transmitted energy is kept constant.

Ultracentrifugation

• In ultracentrifugation, lower frictional coefficient speeds up movement, and smaller diffusion constant slows down movement.

Positron Beta Decay

• In positron beta decay, the atomic number increases by one, and the mass number remains unchanged.

Radioactive Isotope Effective Half-life

• The effective half-life of a radioactive isotope introduced into the body is less than its biological half-life.
• It's the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the two half-lives.

Alpha Particles

• Alpha particles are not protons. They are high-energy photons.

EEG Wave Amplitude

• Delta waves have amplitudes in the range of 50-100 μV.

Isotope Decay Percentage

• After 20 minutes, 75 percent of 13N isotope decay.
• After 40 minutes, only 6.25 percent of 14N isotope remains undecayed.

Refractive Index of a Lens System

• The refractive index of a lens system comprised of two thin lenses in contact is the sum of the individual lenses' refractive indices.

Radioactive Source Activity

• The activity of a radioactive source is the number of radioactive decays per second.

Stokes' Law

• Stokes' law describes the drag force on a spherical body moving in a viscous liquid.

Imaging Procedure Not Using Electromagnetic Radiation

• Echoencephalography does not use electromagnetic radiation to create images.

Refraction at Boundary of Media

• Refraction at the boundary of two media depends on the relative refractive indices of the media.

Diffusion Constant Dependence

• The diffusion constant does not depend on the medium's density or pH.

Type of Torque

• Bending and twisting are types of torque.

Thermodynamically Isolated System

• A thermodynamically isolated system does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.

Isotherm Thermodynamic

• An isothermal thermodynamic process occurs when the temperature remains constant.

Ionization

• Ionization occurs when electrons are freely dispersed.

Bird's Kinetic Energy

• A bird with a mass of 1 kg and a velocity of 36 km/h has a kinetic energy of 50 J.

Sound Dimension

• The ground frequency is the dimension corresponding to sound.

Attenuation of X-Rays:

• Photoelectric effect, pair formation, Compton scattering are processes in x-ray attenuation

Abbe Theory

• Abbe theory is valid for describing light refraction.

Extensive Dimensions

• Mass and volume are extensive dimensions.

Ionized Radiation

• Beta and gamma radiation are examples of ionized radiations.

Lens Errors

• Chromatic and spherical aberrations are types of lens errors.

Beta Radiation Range

• Beta radiation in air has a range of 10 cm to a few meters, and in soft tissue, it's a few mm.

Boltzmann Distribution

• The Boltzmann distribution does not describe the effective half-life and bound state of electrons.

Heat Transport Processes

• Heat transport processes include conduction and convection.