Physics Chapter on Motion and Acceleration

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Questions and Answers

What happens to atoms with 5 or more valence electrons?

They remain neutral and do not form ions.

They gain electrons and become anions. (correct)

They share electrons with other atoms.

They lose electrons and become cations.

Which statement correctly describes ionic compounds?

They are made of a structure of cations and anions. (correct)

They can exist in a gaseous state at room temperature.

They consist solely of anions.

They have an overall charge that is positive.

What occurs when an electron jumps to a higher energy level?

The atom is in its ground state.

The electron loses its attraction to the nucleus.

Energy is absorbed by the electron. (correct)

The atom becomes a cation.

How do electrons fill energy levels in an atom?

They fill the lowest energy levels first. Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper order for naming ionic compounds?

Cation first, then anion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of alkaline earth metals?

They are less dense than alkali metals Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about halogens is accurate?

They become larger and less reactive as you move down the group. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the total mass of matter in a chemical reaction according to the law of conservation of matter?

It remains constant. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an allotrope of carbon?

Signup and view all the answers

What does instantaneous speed refer to?

The speed measured at a particular instant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes acceleration?

The rate of change of speed Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of acceleration due to gravity?

9.8 m/s^2 Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's Second Law state about the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration?

Acceleration increases with an unbalanced force acting on a mass Signup and view all the answers

In the context of energy changes, what is kinetic energy?

The energy associated with movement Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

Energy may change form, but cannot be created or destroyed Signup and view all the answers

What is potential energy?

Energy due to an object's mass and height Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a falling object due to air resistance?

It reaches terminal velocity where acceleration reduces to zero Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of strong acids?

They break away hydrogen ions easily. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a weak base?

It is dilute and does not completely dissociate in water. Signup and view all the answers

What color does blue litmus paper turn when exposed to an acid?

Turns red. Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction is characteristic of acids?

Acids produce hydrogen gas when reacting with metals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strong base?

Calcium hydroxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for nitric acid?

Etching artwork into plates. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to red litmus paper when it comes in contact with a base?

It turns blue. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is commonly known as vinegar?

Acetic acid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH characteristic of a base?

pH greater than 7. Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction is NOT typically associated with acids?

Forms hydroxide ions in solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is formed as a result of the neutralisation of an acid and a base?

Salt and water Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

Color of the reactants Signup and view all the answers

How do catalysts influence chemical reactions?

They speed up reactions without being consumed Signup and view all the answers

What product is formed when an acid reacts with a carbonate?

Water, salt, and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Why does increasing the temperature speed up a chemical reaction?

More frequent collisions occur Signup and view all the answers

What is a key effect of increasing the concentration of reactants?

It increases the likelihood of collisions Signup and view all the answers

What role does agitation play in a chemical reaction?

It keeps reactants in contact and removes product buildup Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of mixing an acid with a metal?

Salt and hydrogen gas Signup and view all the answers

What do alkaline earth metals produce when they react with water?

Metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes metalloids?

They exhibit both metal and non-metal properties. Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT characteristic of noble gases?

Highly reactive under normal conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of balancing a chemical equation?

Atoms are rearranged without any loss or gain. Signup and view all the answers

How do halogens behave as you move down the group in the periodic table?

They become larger and less reactive. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the properties of transition metals?

They can be easily hammered and shaped. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of group 2 elements in terms of their ionic form?

They form +2 ions. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the term allotropes in the context of elements?

Variants of an element that differ in molecular structure. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motion and Forces

Instantaneous Speed: Speed at a specific moment, measured by a speedometer.
Velocity: Speed of an object in a specific direction.
Acceleration: Change in speed over time, calculated with units of m/s²; uses final (V) and initial (u) velocities.
Acceleration due to Gravity:
- Value is approximately 9.8 m/s².
- Falling objects accelerate towards Earth but experience air resistance, reducing acceleration to zero (terminal velocity).

Newton's Laws of Motion

First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force; inertia is the resistance to change in motion.
Second Law: Acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass (F = m*a).
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces exist in pairs.

Energy Concepts

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, determined by the formula KE = ½ mv², where m is mass and v is velocity; measured in joules (J).
Potential Energy: Energy stored due to position, calculated as PE = mgh (mass x gravity x height).
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
Energy Efficiency: In energy transfers, some energy is lost as non-useful forms like heat.

Elements and Their Properties

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals:
- Less reactive than Group 1, form +2 ions, shiny, low density, low melting and boiling points, react with hydrogen and water.
Matter: Anything with mass that occupies space; conserved through physical and chemical changes.
Law of Conservation of Matter: Total mass remains constant in chemical reactions.
Group 14: Metalloids: Exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals, contain organic substances.
Allotropes: Different forms of an element (e.g., carbon forms include graphite, diamond).
Group 17: Halogens: Highly electronegative, exist as diatomic molecules, become larger and less reactive down the group.
Group 18: Noble Gases: Colorless, stable, rarely react due to filled valence shells.

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Equations: Represent reactants and products in reactions (Reactants → Products).
Balanced Chemical Equations: Reflect conservation of atoms, with electrons gaining or losing charges to form ions.
Acids and Bases:
- Acids: Produce H⁺ ions in water, sour, pH < 7, react with metals and carbonates.
- Bases: Produce OH⁻ ions in water, bitter, slippery, pH > 7, neutralize acids.
Ionic Compounds: Formed by cations and anions in a neutral crystal lattice.

Rates of Chemical Reactions

Factors affecting reaction rates include:
- Temperature: Higher temperatures increase particle speed and collision frequency.
- Concentration: More reactant particles lead to more collisions and reactions.
- Surface Area: Smaller pieces of reactants provide more area for reactions.
- Agitation: Stirring increases contact among reactants.
- Catalysts: Speed up reactions without being consumed, reduce necessary energy for reactions.

Reactions Involving Acids

Neutralisation Reactions: Acids and bases react to form a salt and water.
Acid and Metal Reactions: Create salt and hydrogen gas.
Acid-Carbonate Reactions: Produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in physics related to motion, including instantaneous speed, velocity, and acceleration. Explore how gravity and air resistance affect the movement of falling objects, and learn about terminal velocity in this insightful quiz.